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GANODERMA 13 Apr 2010 7:45 AM (15 years ago)

Everybody knows about mushroom. Ganoderma is mushroom and kind of plant. To ancient romans mushroom are the food of the gods, resulting for bolts of ligthening thrown to the earth by jupiter during thunders storms. The Egyptians consider them as gift from the god, while chinese viewed them as elixir of life. There are 14.000 type of mushroom in the world, 2000 type of mushroom is dangerous for health, and 700 only usefull for life.

Ganoderma Lucidum commonly known as Reishi or Ling Zhi, this is consider as herbof spritual potray or mushroom of immortality and is used for thousand of years in the far last to over come and large number of the diseases condition and was believed to bring longevity due to its mysterios of healing the body.

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE 3 Apr 2009 9:18 PM (16 years ago)

The issue of antimicrobial resistance is one of main topic in the world special in the fields of public health Kuwait.What is antimicrobial resistance?

• The ability of antibiotics to stop an infection depends on killing or halting the growth of harmful bacteria.
• Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in a way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs.The bacteria acquire the ability to survive in the presence of concentration of an antimicrobial which is normally lethal to organism of that species.
• Infection with resistant microorganism can occur de noivo during the course of antimicrobial therapy.
  

FOR PROPER USE OF ANTIBIOTICS 2 Apr 2009 9:03 AM (16 years ago)

WHAT TO DO

When you are prescribed an antibiotic,

• Take it exactly as the doctor tells you
• Complete the prescribed course even if you are feeling better. If treatment stops too soon, some bacteria may survive and re- infect you.
• This goes for children, too.Make sure your children take all medication as prescribed, even if they feel better.
• Throw away any leftover medication once you have completed your prescription.
• Talk with your healthcare provider about antibiotic resistance.

WHAT NOT TO DO

• Do not take an antibiotic for a viral infection like a cold , a cough, or the flu.
• Do not demand antibiotics when a doctor says they are not needed, they will not help in treating your infection.

When you are prescribed an antibiotic,

• Do not skip doses.
• Do not save any antibiotics for the next time you get sick.
• Do not take antibiotics prescribed for someone alse, the antibiotic may not be appropriate for your ilness, taking the wrong medicine may delay correct treatment and allow bacteria to multiply.
  

Wise Use... or Lose ! 27 Mar 2009 4:46 AM (16 years ago)

ANTIBIOTIC.....?????!!!!!!!

Why antibiotic campaign ?

• Doctors depend on antibiotics to treat infectious diseases caused by bacteria such as pneumonia, meningitis and other life threatening infections.
• Recently , the effectiveness of many antibiotics has begun to wane, some germs have become resistant to these drugs, the legacy of decades of unnecessary over use in both human medicine ad agriculture.
• That's why , addressing the issue of antimicrobial resistance is one of the the most urgent priorities in the fields of public health today.
  

ANTI SEPTIC HAND WASH 6 Mar 2009 7:05 AM (16 years ago)

Introduction and Meaning
Hand washing is the single most important procedure for preventing nosocomial infection. In many out breaks , hands of hospital personel ( dokter, nurse,and another health worker) have been identified as the most probable mode of cross infection.Hand washing has been shown to eliminate or markedly reduce hand carriage of pathogenic organism, most of wich is transient flora. Hand washing is defined as a vigorous brief rubbing together of all surface of lathered hands for a certain time followed by rinsing under a sream of water.

CLASSIFICATION OF HANDWASHING
Hand washing can be classified according to the types , intensity and duration of activity. The type of hand washing are recognized in infection control practice.

1. Social hand washing
2. Hygienic/ antiseptic hand washing
3. Surgical scrub/ hand washing (ordinary hand washing).

HANDS WASHING STEPS

• Wet hands with running water.
• A proper hand washing agent should be applied and thoroughly distributed over hands.
• Hands should be rubbed together vigourously for 10 - 15 seconds, generating friction on all surfaces of the hand and fingers.
• Hands should be throughly dried using dispossable paper towels.Cloth towel are not recommended in health care setting because consern regarding contaminate air dryers are also not recommended in health care settings.
• Close the water tap with tissues after washing hands so not to contaminate the washed hand.

LCHAD 7 Nov 2008 11:48 AM (16 years ago)

LCHAD : long-chain 3- hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase ) deficiency is a rare condition that prevents the body from converting certain fats to energy, particularly during periods without food ( fasting ). Normally through a process called fatty acid oxidation, several enzymes work in a step-wise fashion to brakdown ( metabolize ) fats and convert them to energy. People with LCHAD have inadequate levels of an enzyme required for a step that metabolizes a group of fats called long-chain fatty acids.
Catalyzes the third step of mitochondrial oxidation of long chain fatty acids, converting long chain 3-hydroxyacyl0-CoA enters into the corresponding 3-ketoacyl-CoA esters. The LCHAD enzyme is part of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein ( MTP), which also narbors long-chain enoy-CoA hydratase and the long chain thiolase activity.
Diagnosis of LCHAD deficiency is suggested by demonstrating increased secretion of 3-hydroxydicarboxylic acids in urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, or by demonstrating accumulation of 3-hydroxyacyl carnitines as measured by tandem-mass-spectrometry in plasma. Confirmation of the diagnosis is possible by measuring LCHAD activity in lymphocytes, fibroblasts, muscle or liver biopsies, and by mutational analysis.

MEDICAL CARE

• If the patient present with acute hypoketotic hypoglycemia encephalophaty, the main goal is to secure sufficient energy intake by infusions of iv glucose.
• The management of affected patients is directed at the avoidance of fasting. Most patients also are provided with uncooked cornstarch and medium chain triglycerida ( MCT ) oil supplementation to further decrease exposure to fasting. Consider carnitine supplementation if any hypocarnitinemia is present, however, carnitine should not be used during acute decompensation.

LAB STUDIES

- Blood sugar and urine ketones

The hallmark biochemical feature is acute hypoketotic hypoglycemia. Collect urine ketones in the acute episode.

- Creatinine phosphokinase, ammonia, uric acid, liver enzymes, lactic acid.Durimg acute episodes, elevated levels of creatinine phosphokinase are observed.Hyperammonemia maybe observed in acute episodes. Elevation of liver trans inase also is observed. A high incidence of lactic acidemia accompanies the metabolic decompensation or acute episode.

- Plasma carnitine levels and acylcarnitine profile.Plasma carnitine levels are low

VERY LONG - CHAIN ACYL - COA DEHIDROGENASE DEFICIENCY ( VLCADD ) 6 Nov 2008 10:53 AM (16 years ago)

Approximately 20 percent present as adolescents or adults with symptoms limited to muscle fatique, rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria triggered bye exercise or fasting. There is no hypoglycemia or cardiac involvement.

PRESENTING SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF VLCADD :

• Low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia ),lack of energy ( lethargy ), muscle weakness.
• neurological examination:
• 1.The acute episode of hypoketotic hypoglycemic encephalopathy may begin with a seizure.
• 2.Most patient are hypotonic, at least in infancy
• 3.Examination may reveal profound weakness, decreased movements, and a frog-leg position.
• Cardiac : examination of the heart may reveal cardiomegaly, poor heart sounds and gallop rhythm.
• Abdomen: 1. most patient have hepatomegaly. 2. Jaundice may develop in infancy along with elevation of the transaminase.
• Ophthalmological exam :
• 1. In the youngest patients, fundus may be pale. Thereafter, aggregation og pigment has been detected in the posterior, aggregation of pigment has been detected in the posterior pole and macular region.
• 2.progressive atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, choroid, neural retina and retina vessels follow initial pigment abnormalities. This may lead to a completely bare scelera in the central fundus.
• posterior staphylomas and delicate lens opacities also maybe observed.

ANXIETY 5 Nov 2008 10:46 PM (16 years ago)

Anxiety is a common and normal response to a new ans stressful situation such as caring for an ill person. When people are ill and hospitalized,they may feel afraid,nervous,and overwhelmed. Many experience anxiety during their ilness, caused bye worries of medical procedures, fear of being aburden, pain and discomfort, or even as a result of terminal ilness.

Family and friends caring for an ill person also become anxious. The caregivers anxiety may be becaused by worrying about a loved one's illness and their ability to cope with it and poor communication between the person and the caregiver. At times, the anxiety of the person with terminal ilness can even be a source of the caregiver'a anxiety.

There are two distinct forms of anxiety:

• Acute anxiety ; people with acute anxiety often suffer short - term episodes of restlessness and are overactive. In more extreme cases, this individuals experience panic attacks accompanied bye breathing problems.
• Choronic anxiety; people with chronic anxiety experience long term problems, such as fatique, insomnia, trouble concentrating and problems such as fatique, insomnia, trouble concentrating and problems witj decision-making.

Signs and symptons of anxiety may have the folloeing physical signs or symptoms af anxiety:

• Difficulty solving problems and concentrating
• Feeling excitable
• Increases muscle tension (appears tense)
• Trembling and shaking
• Headaches
• getting angry
• Shortness of breath
• Rapidirregular heartbeat
• Dizziness
• Irritability
• Excessive worrying
• Fatique
• Insomnia
• Dry mouth
• Sweating
• Diarrhea
• frequent Urination

If more than one of the above symptoms exist, call or see a doctoror other member of the health care team. They will evaluate the possible causes of anxiety and make recommendations for treatmen orreferral.

Treatmen

Treatmen for anxiety may vary, depending on the underlying cause and individula. Your health care professional may recommend psychoterapy or a combination of both.Although teratment does not cure, it proves effective in relieving anxiety symptomps.

Medication

There are several types of medication available for traetment of anxiety. They include :

• Benzodiazepines : these have been the standard treatment for anxiety for several years. Although effective, they have side effects, including risk dependency and abuse. Examples of benzodiazepines include Xanax, Klonipin, Valium, Ativan and Paxipam.
• Anti-depressants: Specifically, the SSRIs have increasingly been prescribed as anti-anxiety medication. They are effective and less habit forming than the benzodiazepines. Side effects include weight gain and sexual dysfunction. Example include Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil and Luvox.
• Beta-blockers: including Inderal and Tenormin block the nerve that stimulates the heart to beat faster.
• azapirones: Buspirone ( Buspar ) is used to great generalized anxiety. Common side effects include dizziness, drowsiness and nausea.

if one medication is not effective, your doctor may prescribe another or combinations.

You can also help bye :

• determine what thoughts are causing anxiety,Identify triggers
• Talking to some one who has been through the situation causing anxiety.
• Increase pleasant, distracting activities.
• Increase companionship and time spent with friends and family who care.
• relieve physicallsymptoms such as pain or other side effects.
• participate in relaxation techniques such as medication, muscle therapy, mild exercise, etc.

If you are experiencing symptoms of anxiety, you should talk to someone who can help a friend. someone who has experienced anxiety before, a nurse, phychiatrist, psychologist or a social worker. They are well trained and will be glad to hear and discuss about your feelings.

CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION 1 Nov 2008 12:07 AM (16 years ago)

Cardio pulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) is a technique of basic life support for the purpose of oxygenating the brain and heart until appropriate, definitive medical treatment can restore
normal heart and ventillatory action. Respiratory arrest has been associated with a better survival than cardiac arrest. Once cardiac arrest occur, the outcome of resuscitative effort is poor.Complete apnea signals need rapid and vigorus action to prevent cardiac arrest. In such situations, nurse must be prepared to initiate action immediately.Neurologically intact survival has occured only in those patients who received immediate resuscitation and respond promptly.Cardio pulmonary resuscitation is an emergency procedure that consists of artificial respiration and external cardiac massage, instituted after cardiopulmonary arrest.

The basic principles of life support center on the ABC of CPR :
1.Airway
2.Breathing
3.Circulation

Cardinal symptoms of cardiact arrest are the following :
1. Sudden loss of consciousness
2.Absence of carotid / femoral pulses
3.Absence of audible heart sounds
4.Convulsions
5.Dilation of pupil with gray or ash color


FAST FACT
For effective cardio pulmonary resuscitation victim is placed on the back i.e, in the supine position on a firm, flat, hard surface, supporting head and neck. With loss of consciousness the tounge wich is attached to the lower jaw, relaxes and falls back, obstructing the air way.To open the air way head is positioned with either head tilt/ chin-lift or jaw thrust maneuver.

When achild requires CPR,consider the size, not just the age. For example,youg children who can be palced on the rescue's thigh should receive infant CPR. Since many older children with severe chronic ilness or disability remain small in size. So pediatric CPR may be appropriate.After the initial two breaths, the pulse is pulpated to determine the presence of heart beat. The carotid is the most central and accessible artery in children over 1 year of age.However the very short and often fat neck of the infant renders the carotid pulse difficult to palpate. Therefore it is preferable to use the brachial pulse in the infant, located on the inner side of the upper arm.Absence of a carotid or brachial pulse is considered sufficient indication to begin external cardiac massage.

External chest compressions consist of serial, rhythmic compressions of the chest to maintain circulation to vital organs untill the child achieves spontaneous vital signs or ALS can be provided.Chest compressions are always interspersed with ventilation of the lungs. The volume of air in an infant's lung is small, and the air passages are considerably smaller,with resistance to flow. Therefore smlal puffs of air are delivered.It is essential to prevent over-extension of the head of small infants, since this tends to close the flexible trachea.

The patient who has been resuscitated is at risk for another episode of cardiac arrest.If the victim is breathing or resumes effective breathing after emergency interventions,placed in the recovery position .but if rescue breathing or RPR required victim should not be placed in the recovery position.

WHAT SHOULD YOU KNOW?? 26 Oct 2008 12:35 PM (16 years ago)

As you travel to your destination on vacation, tour,business or study,
we wish you all the best.Regardless of wich ever part of the world you travel to,
we ask you to be cautious and take care of your self so as to avoid the killer disease "AIDS'.
This desease now spread worldwide and could be easily contracted,but impossible to cure.

What is AIDS ?
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is a disease caused by
a virus called Human Immuno-deficiency Virus ( HIV). This virus breaks down the body's natural defences againts illness, exposing the victim to host of secondary
infections and some form of cancer. An infected person tests positive for AIDS virus
and may show no external symptoms of the disease. Some others may develop a milder but often debilitating illness called AIDS - Related Complex ( ARC), with characteristic
features such as chronic fatique, fever, weight loss, night sweats, headache, itching,diarrhea, lethargy and abnormal blood counts, while still others may develop the full blown form of AIDs, which is fatal with in two to three years time.

AIDS is spread by :
- Sexual relations with AIDS patien or virus carrier.
- Contaminated blood or blood products transfusion.
- From mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or
breast feeding.
- Sharing contaminated needles or skin percing instruments
in drug addicts, tatto, ear piercing and acupuncture.
- Organ transplant from AIDS patient or virus carrier to a
normal person.

AIDS is not spread by :
- Hand shaking, hugging and casual contact.
- Eating and sharing cutlery at restaurants and other public places.
- Using hotel linen and towels
- Using public telephoned
- Visiting a patient at a hostel
- Donating blood
- Riding Taxis, buses, metro, subway, trains and aeroplanes-
- Blood sucking insects e.g. mosquitos
- Coughing and sneezing

Symptoms of AIDS :
- Prolonged fatique for no apparent reason.
- White spots in the mouth ( thrush)
- Swollen lymph glands in the neck, armfit, or groin
- Night sweats
- Persistent diarrhoea
- Unexplained rapid weight loss
- Unusual skin blotches ( pink or purple)
- Persistent unexplained cough
- Opportunistic infections e.g. Pneumocystis carinii

The presence of two or more of these symptoms for twoo weeks indicate the need for
medical advice.Never ignore, or hesitate to see a doctor. If you are worried, have your concerns checked out.

Protection againts AIDS
From the Holly Quran : Nor come night to adultery : For it is a shameful ( deed) and an evil.opening the road ( to other evils). Al-Isra(32)

Why AIDS is dangerous :
At present there is no CURE or VACCINE for AIDS<>