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This website is now MOVED to new domain, i.e. www.VUsolutions.com.
This website is now MOVED to new domain, i.e. www.VUsolutions.com.
This website is now MOVED to new domain, i.e. www.VUsolutions.com.
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CS602 VU Midterm Papers Current Virtual University of Pakistan (www.vusolutions.com) 8 Dec 2011 2:36 AM (13 years ago)
CS602 VU Midterm Papers Current Virtual University of Pakistan (www.vusolutions.com)
> Write down pseudo code or a function in C/C++, which will take Sx and Sy as parameters and scale points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) with respect to point (xf , yf ).(5)
> Can we fragment a polygon into several polygons in polygon clipping? Give reasons to support your answer. (3)
> How Orthographical projection is characterized and what is meant by term oblique parallel projection? (3)
> Both the Cohen Sutherland and the Liang Barsky algorithms can be extended to three-dimensional clipping. The given statement either right or wrong, give comment?(2)
> Write down the types of axonometric projections. (2)
> Give the case in which Boundary Filling Algorithm can not work? (2)
Mgt401 VU Midterm Current Papers of Virtual University of Pakistan (www.vusolutions.com) 8 Dec 2011 2:33 AM (13 years ago)
Mgt401 VU Midterm Current Papers of Virtual University of Pakistan (www.vusolutions.com)
1 Briefly discuss (5)
Historical cost
Current cost
Realizable value
2 Write down the component of financial statement with respect to the IASB FRAMEWORK..(3)
3 If balance janurary (1, 2008) 100 units,9 Rs per unit
Jan 1 received 100 units,8 Rs per unit
Jan 3 issued 100 units
Then calculate the value of inventories of January 3,2008 using weighted average method.(5)
4 question yaad nhi
Pak301 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:18 AM (13 years ago)
Pak301 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
How was the response of Muslim League over Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946? 2 Marks
Shortly explain the Third Roundtable Conference (1932). 2 Marks
Write down the names of the members of the Simla Deputation. 2 Marks
Briefly discuss the views of Chaudhry Rehmet Ali for the State of Pakistan. 3 Marks
Shortly explain the division of military assets between India and Pakistan after Independence. 3 Marks
Draw attention towards the Jallianwala Bagh Incident (1919). 5 Marks
Point out the main features Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, 1919. 5 Marks
Mkt630 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:18 AM (13 years ago)
Mkt630 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
22 mcqz .....17 was from past papers
questions was 2 much conceptual and complicated
related to primary data,factors to expand a brand/product in an other country
Another:
1 )about primary data
2) factors to expand a brand in new global market
3)why government interfere in defence law ????? istrah ka question tha
4)difference b/w open end and close end questions.
5)last wala ajib sa tha
ya paper international marketing ka kam or research method ka ziada lag raha tha :D :p
Another:
objective questions:
total 22 objective questions
almost 16-17 objective questions were from past papers
subjective questions:
total 5 questions
Compare and contrast closed-end questions and open-end questions for gathering data.
Differentiate these two terms with at least one (5 marks)
define fixed exchange system and flexible exchange system and their characteristics (5 marks)
3 questions were of 3,3,3 marks and based on concepts.there were scenario and then the solution was required.
Mkt624 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:18 AM (13 years ago)
Mkt624 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
total 27 questions.
22 objective questions.
only 3-4 questions were from past papers Sad
all other mcqs were new..
subjective questions:
3 questions of 3,3,3 marks
2 questions of 5,5 marks
1.why brand extension is better instead of launching new brand? (5 marks)
2.define need based segmentation and its examples?(5 marks)
3.discuss in what situations brand extension is necessary?give example of
each situation.(3 marks)
4.wht are the positions discussed by scot davis? (3 marks)
5.one more question from scot.davis theory (3marks)
Mgt613 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:17 AM (13 years ago)
Mgt613 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
Question No: 41 (Marks: 5)
Why some multinational corporations feel that globalization is not a good option?
The western worlds call these the disadvantages of Globalization, if an organization
decides to pack up its business and leave a host company.
Disadvantages to Globalization
The common disadvantages which lead to a MNC forgoing globalization includes.
Handing over proprietary Technology to host countries.
Political risks.
Poor Employee (Managers and worker) skills.
Slow customer response time.
Effective communication between interfaces difficult
Managing Global Operations
When organizations become global they often end up paying a heavy price in terms of
managing complex managerial issues and challenges.
Host country languages
Host Country Norms and Customs.
Workforce management
Unfamiliar laws and regulations.
Unexpected Cost mix.
Question No: 42 (Marks: 5)
Do you perceive that operation management and operation research are the same concepts?
NO both concepts are different from each other; we can elaborate both in the following manner:
Operation Management:
Operations management is an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and redesigning business operations in
the production of goods and/or services. It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in
terms of using as little resources as needed, and effective in terms of meeting customer requirements. It is concerned with
managing the process that converts inputs (in the forms of materials, labor, and energy) into outputs (in the form of goods
and/or services).
The relationship of operations management to senior management in commercial contexts can be compared to the relationship of
line officers to the highest-level senior officers in military science. The highest-level officers shape the strategy and
revise it over time, while the line officers make tactical decisions in support of carrying out the strategy.
Operation Research:
Operations research (also referred to as decision science or management science) is an interdisciplinary mathematical science
that focuses on the effective use of technology by organizations. In contrast, many other science & engineering disciplines
focus on technology giving secondary considerations to its use.
Employing techniques from other mathematical sciences — such as mathematical modeling, statistical analysis, and mathematical
optimization — operations research arrives at optimal or near-optimal solutions to complex decision-making problems.
Because of its emphasis on human-technology interaction and because of its focus on practical applications, operations
research has overlap with other disciplines, notably industrial engineering and management science, and draws on psychology
and organization science. Operations Research is often concerned with determining the maximum (of profit, performance, or
yield) or minimum (of loss, risk, or cost) of some real-world objective.
Question No: 29 (Marks: 3)
Write down at least three ways of improving reliability of a system.
We should develop the ability to understand the importance of reliability and at
the same time identify the ways in which Reliability can be improved in the following
generic ways.
1. Component design: Parts of a car
2. Production/assembly techniques: No reworks also fool proof assembly.
3. Testing: for trouble free final product
4. Redundancy/backups: not possible all the time but common remedy.
5. Preventive maintenance procedures
6. User education (operating manuals)
7. System design (we will discuss in later chapters, a senior management issue, but
indicative that reliability is always considered VIP)
8. Research & Development (R&D) : Organized efforts to increase scientific
knowledge or product innovation & may involve:
Question No: 30 (Marks: 3)
What qualities does a successful job design contain?
A successful Job Design must have the following qualities
1. Carried out by experienced personnel who have the necessary training and
background.
2. Consistent with the goals of the organization.
3. in documented form.
4. Understood and agreed by both management and employees.
5. Shared with the new employees.
6. Factors that affect Job Design
.
Question No: 32 (Marks: 5)
"Standardization plays an important role in product design". How will you describe
this role?
Standardization is the extent to which there is an absence of variety in a product,
service or process. Standardized products are immediately available to customers. You
go to a market and request for a charger for your cellular phone, the shopkeeper would
ask for the model, make and deliver you as special product which is made by your cell
phone company or by an independent manufacturer, who provides a standardized
compatible model.
Question No: 29 (Marks: 3)
What are the reasons that support the use of process layout?
1. Product layouts are used to achieve a smooth and rapid flow of large volumes of goods
and customers through a system.
2. The work is divided into a series of standardized tasks, permitting specialization of
both labor and equipment.
3. The large volumes handled by these systems make it pertinent and necessary to
invest in equipment and job design.
4. Layouts should be arranged to make the best use of technological processing abilities
to fulfill the requirements of both product and services.
5. In manufacturing environments the lines are referred to as production lines or assembly
lines, depending on the type of activity involved.
6. In services side, the word line may or may not be used like Healthcare/Hospital
Services line, Carwash (absence of word line here) or Cafeteria Line.
7. Without standardization, many of the benefits of the repetitive processing are lost.
8. Product Layouts achieve a high degree of labor and equipment utilization, which tends
to offset their high equipment costs.
9. Operations are so closely tied up that a mechanical failure or high absenteeism (rains)
would increase vulnerability of the Systems.
10. We can prevent breakdowns if we religiously follow preventive maintenance
schedules, inspection and replacement of worn parts.
Question No: 30 (Marks: 3)
Suppose you are the operations manager of a manufacturing firm, why would you
perceive concurrent engineering as a suitable approach with reference to product
design?
Concurrent Engineering:
Concurrent engineering is the bringing together of engineering design and
manufacturing personnel early in the design phase.
Why Suitable Approach to product Design:
Manufacturing Personnel are able to identify production capabilities and
capacities .They have thus the opportunity to inform the design group about the
suitability of certain materials on the flipsides the designer would know the
suitability of certain designs in aiding in cost reduction and quality improvement
in production/assembly process.
Early opportunities for design or procurement of critical tooling, some of which
might have long lead times. This can result in a major shortening of the product
development process, which should be a key competitive advantage.
Early consideration of the Technical Feasibility of a particular design or a portion
of a design. Again this can avoid serious problems during production. The
emphasis can be on problem resolution instead of conflict resolution.
Question No: 31 (Marks: 5)
Which process system would you suggest for the following business/industry?
French restaurants (Job Shop Process)
Heavy equipment (Batch Flow Process)
Sugar refinery (Continuous Flow Process)
Automobile assembly (Product layout)
Commercial printer (Job Shop Process)
Question No: 32 (Marks: 5)
In some organizations capacity planning takes place very regularly and in some it
takes place seldom. What are the factors that influence the frequency of capacity
planning?
FACTORS INFLUENCE THE FREQUENCY OF CAPACITY PLANNING:
1. Capacity strategy for long-term demand which focus on demand patterns and takes into
account growth rate and variability
2. Facilities that focus on cost of building and operating
3. Technological changes relate to rate and direction of technology changes
4. Behavior of competitors
5. Availability of capital and other inputs
Question No: 29 (Marks: 3)
Write down the characteristics of well designed service system?
1. A well designed system should be well versed with organization vision & mission.
2. It should cost effective
3. User friendly & sustainable.
4. It should have ability to make effective link between front & backend operations.
5. Accommodation of variable changes in future.
6. Simple requirements & handling few customer at every customer centre.
Question No: 30 (Marks: 3)
What qualities does a successful job design contain?
A successful job design contains following qualities.
1. Carried out by experience personal who have necessary training & background.
2. Consistent with goals of organization
3. Shared with new employees
4. In documented Form
5. Understood & agreed by both management & employees
6. Factors that affect job design.
Question No: 31 (Marks: 5)
Suppose you want to estimate the time required to perform a certain task by the two
employees. One employee's study yielded a mean of 6.4 minutes and standard
deviation of 2.1 minutes with 95% confidence Interval. Other employee's study
yielded a mean of 2.1 minutes and standard deviation of 6.4 minutes with confidence
interval of 95%. Now how many observations you will need if desired maximum
error is 10% of sample mean? (z= 1.96) Do both the employees have same number
of observations?
Employee # 1:
Mean time = X = 6.4mints
Standard Deviation = S = 2.1mint.
z = 1.96
Error = A = 10% = 0.1
n = (zs/ax) 2
= [(1.96) (2.1)/ (0.1) (6.4)] 2
= [4.116/0.64]2
= (6.43125)2
= 41.36
41 observations
Employee # 2:
Mean time = X = 2.1mints
Standard Deviation = S = 6.4mint.
z = 1.96
Error = A = 10% = 0.1
n = (zs/ax) 2
= [(1.96) (6.4)/ (0.1) (2.1)] 2
= [12.544/0.21]2
= (59.733)2
= 3568.03
3568 observations
Question No: 32 (Marks: 5)
In some organizations capacity planning takes place very regularly and in some it
takes place seldom. What are the factors that influence the frequency of capacity
planning?
FACTORS INFLUENCE THE FREQUENCY OF CAPACITY PLANNING:
1. Capacity strategy for long-term demand which focus on demand patterns and takes into
account growth rate and variability
2. Facilities that focus on cost of building and operating
3. Technological changes relate to rate and direction of technology changes
4. Behavior of competitors
5. Availability of capital and other inputs
Paper No. 05
Question No: 41 (Marks: 5)
What are some of the reasons that do not favor the use of process layout?
1. Creates dull, repetitive jobs.
2. Poorly skilled workers may not maintain equipment or quality of output of service.
3. Fairly inflexible to changes in volume.
4. Highly susceptible to shutdowns.
5. Needs preventive maintenance.
6. Individual incentive plans are impractical
Question No: 41 (Marks: 5)
Operations management does not work in isolation within an organization. How
would you relate marketing, finance and other functions to operations function?
Functions with in an Organization
The Operations function consists of all activities that are directly related to
production of a good or service.
Operations function exist in services like healthcare, Police, Traffic,
transportation, consultancy, food handling, restaurants etc.
Operations function forms the core of all businesses.
Operations and Marketing
Value addition refers to conversion of raw materials to finished goods or services.
Value added often refers to the difference between the cost of the raw material
and the price of the finished good.
The revenues from selling goods is used in betterment of existing product or
service or R &D, investment in new facilities and equipments
Weeding out or eliminating non value adding operations. E.g. Storage of goods
which have been produced ahead of scheduled production, increases storage and
inventory costs. reducing storage cost would reduce transformation cost and thus
increase value addition
Marketing relates to selling of a good or service of the organization through
advertising and pricing decisions.
Marketing department assesses the customer's needs and communicate it to the
operations people on short term and design people on the long term basis.
Operations people need information about demand over a short range in order
to purchase raw materials or manage inventory or schedule production
plan where as the design people need information to redesign or simply
sign new products or services.
Marketing provides valuable information about the competitors customers needs
and communicate it to the operations people on short term and design people on
the long term basis.
Finance
The finance function focuses on activities that relate to securing resources at
favorable prices and then allocating these resources through out the organization.
Finance and Operation Personnel exchange information and expertise in the
following way
Budgets
Economic analysis of investment proposal
Provision of funds
Question No: 42 (Marks: 5)
Calculate the exponential smoothing forecasts from the following data for the 6th
period with constant (alpha) 0.40.
Period No. of complaints
1 60
2 65
3 55
4 58
5 64
FORMULAE: Ft = Ft -1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)
Ft = Coming timer period forecasting value
Ft-1 = 1 Past time forecasting value
a = Alpha Smoothing constant
At-1 = 1 Past time actual occurrence
At Period 1:
Ft = Ft -1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)
Ft = 60 + 0.40 (0)
Ft = 60
At Period 02:
Ft = Ft -1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)
Ft= 60 + 0.40 (60 – 60)
Ft = 60 + 0.40 (0)
Ft = 60
At Period 03:
Ft = Ft -1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)
Ft= 60 + 0.40 (65 – 60)
Ft = 60 + 0.40 (5)
Ft = 60 +2
Ft = 62
At Period 04:
Ft = Ft -1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)
Ft= 62 + 0.40 (55 – 62)
Ft = 62 + 0.40 (-7)
Ft = 62 – 2.8
Ft = 59.2
At Period 05:
Ft = Ft -1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)
Ft= 59.2 + 0.40 (58 – 59.2)
Ft = 59.2 + 0.40 (-0.48)
Ft = 59.2 – 0.192
Ft = 59.008
At Period 06:
Ft = Ft -1 + a (At-1 – Ft-1)
Ft= 59.008 + 0.40 (64 – 59.008)
Ft= 59.008 + 0.40 (4.992)
Ft= 59.008 + 1.9968
Ft= 61.0048
Paper No. 09
Question No: 29 (Marks: 3)
How many multiple plant strategies are used in a company having multiple
manufacturing facilities?
Mostly following are the below given multiple manufacturing facilities are used
With combination in plant strategies;
• Product plant strategy
• Market area plant strategy
• Process plant strategy
Question No: 30 (Marks: 3)
What are the key steps involved in formulating a capacity planning strategy?
Following are the key steps involved in formulating a capacity planning strategy;
Steps for formulating a Capacity Planning Strategy
1. Estimate future capacity requirements
2. Evaluate existing capacity
3. Identify alternatives
4. Conduct financial analysis
5. Assess key qualitative issues
6. Select one alternative
7. Implement alternative chosen
8. Monitor results
Question No: 31 (Marks: 5)
Suppose you are the operations manager of ABC Corporation. To develop
competence in business operations, you have to decide either to rely on the facilities
available in-house or outsource.What are some of the factors you would base the
decision on?
Following are the factors which are available to us in order to decide whether to develop
a competence in house or outsource competent organization to supply that product,
service or particular expertise.
1. Available capacity if an organization has the equipment, necessary skills and
time, it often makes sense to produce an item or perform a service in house. The
additional costs would be relatively small compared with those required to buy
items or subcontract them.
2. Expertise. If a firm lacks the expertise to do a job satisfactorily, buying might be
a reasonable alternative.
3. Quality considerations. Firms that specialize can usually offer higher quality
than an organization can attain itself. Conversely, special quality requirements or
the ability to closely monitor quality may cause an organization to perform a job
itself.
4. Nature of demand. When demand for an item is high and steady, the
organization is often better off doing the work itself. However, wide fluctuations
in demand or small orders are usually better handled by specialists, who are able
to combine orders from multiple sources, which results in higher volume and tend
to offset individual buyer fluctuation.
5. Cost. Any cost savings achieved from buying or making must be weighed against
the preceding factors. Cost savings might come from the item itself or from
transportation cost savings.
6. Risk. Outsourcing or buying the services carries risk; often companies retain
flexibility by carrying out certain critical activities in house and repetitive menial
activities through outsourcing.
Question No: 41 (Marks: 5)
Given the table:
Alternatives Possible future demand
Low (Rs.) High (Rs.)
Small facility 10,000 8,000
Medium facility 12,000 20,000
Large facility 18,000 15,000
Calculate Maximax, Laplace and Minimax regret?
Maximax:
Choose the Best maximum Value for MAXIMAX approach which is 20,000
Laplace:
Small facility = 10000+8000=18000/2 =9000
Medium facility = 12000+20000 = 32000/2 = 16000
Large facility = 18000+15000 = 33000/2= 16500
So the Best Possible average is 16500 Laplace.
Minimax:
The minimum Amount is Rs. 8000
Question No: 42 (Marks: 5)
Suppose you are working as an operation manager in an automobile company. Your
company wants to move its manufacturing plant from one location to other location.
What factors will affect the location decision according to your point of view?
Factors Affecting Location Decisions
The process of determining a geographic site for firms operations takes into
account both manufacturing and marketing aspects. We just focus on the
manufacturing aspects as it's more closely related to Operations Management
Manufacturing
Favorable Labor Climate
Proximity to markets.
Quality of Life
Proximity of Suppliers and Resources.
Proximity to the Parent Company's facilities.
Utilities, Taxes and Real estate costs.
Other factors ( expansion, construction costs, and location near the highway or
main railways)
Paper No. 12
Question No: 41 (Marks: 5)
How would you reveal the usefulness of naive forecasts?
Naive forecasting (NF) techniques are quantitative forecasting tools that use only
the historical data of the variable being forecasted in the analysis. Therefore, all
other influences that may impact on the variable are excluded from the analysis
and the forecast.
NF provides a convenient way to generate quick and easy forecasts for the short
time horizon.
Forecast is not affected by environment.
The forecast will miss turning points.
Question No: 41 (Marks: 5)
ABC Corporation has planned to purchase a new machine. Total annual fixed cost
is Rs. 15,000: variable cost is Rs. 5 per unit and revenue is Rs. 7 per unit.
•What would be the break even point?
•What would be the breakeven point if variable cost gets increased by 10%, revenue
decreased by 10% and fixed remains same?
Part A:
Q=Fixed Cost/ Revenue – Variable Cost
Q =15000/7.5
Q =7500 units
Part B:
Q = Fixed Cost/ Revenue – Variable Cost
Q =15000/7-0.7-(5+0.5)
Q =15000/6.3-5.5
Q =15000/0.8
Q =18750 units
Question No: 42 (Marks: 5)
What is demand management? Explain its various factors?
Demand Management:
Demand management is the process of cutting cost by influencing the quantity
and/or specification of the products and services you are procuring.
The following are the Factors of Demand Management:
Finished Goods/Services
Raw Material
Component Parts
Sub-Assemblies etc
Paper No. 14
Mgt501 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:17 AM (13 years ago)
Mgt501 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
Total mcqs =28
25 mcqs from old papers
------------------
Subjective
1 -Early mojrity customers. (3 marks)
2- Function decision (3 marks)
3-Commercialization (5 marks)
Another:
32 questions................
28 mcqs.........90% from past papers...........
long questions......
2 of 3 marks.............
2 of 5 marks.............
what is difference between pricing and promotion of convenience and shopping products?
why picing is more important and more difficult?
conjoint analysis?
MGT603 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:16 AM (13 years ago)
MGT603 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
100% mcqs were from past papers including long questions.
Long question were:
1. Define cost/benefit analysis?
2. What activities are performed in strategy evaluation stage under controlling function of management?
3. In your opinion, what can be the circumstances when a Low Cost Producer in an industry brings effectiveness?
4. What are strengths and weaknesses of an organization? Explain with the help of examples.
MGT603 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
paper or it was too easy,
total questions was 32,
28 MCQs and
4 long questions and
all objective+ subjective from past papers
except 8 MCQs but they was also understanding.
subjective questions are following,
What should be the characteristics of a firm that is successfully pursuing a Cost Leadership Strategy? Enlist any six of them.
Answer:
Six characteristics of successfully persuing cost leadership strategy firm:
1-Limited perks.
2-High efficiency.
3- Low overhead.
4-Wide spans of control.
5-Intensive screening of budget.
6-Employees participation in cost control efforts.
Question No: 31 ( Marks: 5 )
List down and explain five steps that comprise an effective framework for conducting an EFE Matrix.
MGT603 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
28mcqs 4 subjective (3+3+5+5 marks)
90%MCQS were from past papers
Subjective questions are as follows:
Porters Five forces model (5marks)
Conditions for Horizontal Integration (5 marks)
Benefits of Vertical Integration(3 marks)
If a firm has a score of 2.85 on IFE matrix, what does this represents? (3 marks)
Mgt603 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
Total Marks = 44
Total Question= = 32
MCQS = 28
Subjective 3 marks = 2
Subjective 5 marks = 2
What are Activity Ratios? (3)
What is market penetration strategy, Please explain with an example
from a local or multinational firm (3)
What are the five forces of Porter's Model? (5)
What can be possible situations in which market develpment would be a particularly a good strategy to be pursued (5)
mgt611 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:16 AM (13 years ago)
mgt611 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
total question 27
23 mcqs
3 numbers ky questions 2 thay
5 numbers question 2 thay
yeh pattern hy paper ka
baray 5 no walay question my first tha
q no 26 total marks 5
define the therms and condition parties entering to a compentent contract.
q no 27 total marks 5
define the wagering contract under the section 30 of the contract act 1972.
yeh 2 baray question thy 5 5 numbers ky
MGt503 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:15 AM (13 years ago)
MGt503 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
MCQ's kush to handouts say thay or kush logically ab yea nahi pata k wo Past papers mai say thay ya nahi q k mai koi past paper nahi kerta.....
All subjective Questions jo thay wo Logically pochay gay muj say Case Study bana ker...
Reebok company nai $100000 award rakha hai jo k awareness day ga human rights per... Reebok nai yea prize q rakha or iss ka
ussay kya faida ho ga...
Aik swal tha k Organization mai decisions liyea jatay hain or yea decisions kon kon say level per kon lay ga or kiss trha k decisions lay ga.....
baqi 2 questions bhi logicaly hi thay
Mgt503 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
All 28 MCQ in Previous Paper
2 Question 3 Marks
1-Open and close system
2-
2 question 5 Marks
1- Opportunity problem
2- Management Approaches
Mgt501 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:14 AM (13 years ago)
Mgt501 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
How to avoid glass cieling effect in recuitment
How to deal with surplus of manpower - Restrict Hiring, LayOffs,Early Retirement, Reduced Working Hours
How to evaluate training.
Make a job specification of HR specialist.
Mgt501 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
subjective and objective is objective is totole mcqs of 28 all past from 6 mid term paper of adnan awaan and subjective is :
3 Marks = 2 Quesion
1) being a interviwer what should skill req?
2) i forget..............?
5 Marks
1) a student is both leg is paralazed means legs are not work and he is want to join a medical colleage but the college adminstrator not allow to addmit in colleage. is this discrimination .
2) if you comand the group of student and the method to revised the interpersonal what this right and who method is used?
MGT411 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:14 AM (13 years ago)
MGT411 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
32 Questions they aur
28 MCQ
2 Question of short answer (3 of each
2 long Questions(5 of each
Why stocks are risky
Different strategies to minimize the risk.
Stock holder rate of return calculate karna tha aur aik questions that treasury bills ke hawalay se
Bs aap is paper ko must dekh kr jae
MGT411 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
32 Questions they
28 MCQ
2 Question of short answer (3 of each
2 long Questions(5 of each
explain inflation risk in detail
"People differ in their opinions of how stocks should be valued". Discuss it.
differentiate between YTM and current yield
Another:
bond chapter me se mcqs b the kafi sare aur yield to maturity ka aik question tha ye 5 no ka tha
current yield aur yield to maturity ko define karna tha 3 no ka tha sawal
aur bubbles ko define karna tha 5 no ka tha ye b
aur koi stock wala b tha numarical question
aur mcq easy b the aur mushkal b
Another:
Q1 risk averse,risk neutral,risk lover?
Q2 stocks are risky?
Q3 inflation risk?
Q4 people opinion about risk are valued?
mcq were 28
MCM-304 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:13 AM (13 years ago)
MCM-304 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
MID TERM DEC.2011
Question
From which city Kohistan started its publications?
Lahore
Karachi
Rawalpindi
Peshawar
Question
Which newspaper showed neutral or impartial behavior in the 1970 elections?
Massawat
Azad
Kohistan
Jasarat
Question
Which Newspaper presented Pakistan Peoples' Party in 1969-1970 elections?
Awaz
Masawat
Jasarat
Kohistan
Question
In sub Continent, East India Company started publishing its papers in which language?
Select correct option:
English
Hindi
Urdu
French
Question
Which date was announced by General Yahya for the elections?
May 1969
Dec 1969
May 1970
Dec 1970
Question
Imroz published an article on the problems of women. What was its title?
Aurat
Khawateen aur un kay masail
Khatoon ki Nazar Main
Wajod e zan
Question
_________was the only air line to bride up the gap of two wings of Pakistan.
British airlines
PIA
Aero Asia
Indian air lines
Question
In 1953 'Kohistan' was published by a famous novel writer----------------------
Amjad Islam Amjad
Nasim Hijazi
Imtiaz Taj
Ashgar Nadeem Syed
Question
In 1960, Magazines were replaced by----------------.
Newsletters
Research articles
Digests
Add magazines
Question
Local Bodies elections were held in __________ by the Gen Zia government.
Select correct option:
1984
1985
1986
1987
Question
Government does not give advertisements to -------------------- newspapers.
Pro government
Anti government
LOcal newspaper
All of the given options
Question
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto signed _____________agreement with the Indian Government.
Select correct option:
Shimla
Lahore
Calcutta
Delhi
Question
According to the Press Act, the declaration was submitted to whom?
Deputy Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner
Information Minister
Chairman of National Press Trust
Question
The right to refuse the declaration was given to the Deputy Commissioner in which of the following options?
Ayub Khan's Era
General Yahiya's Era
Bhutto's Era
General Musharraf's Era
Question
In general Zia's era Pakistani papers started to think that ____________is a sensitive issue so they do not to touch such
issue in the editorial and articles.
Politics
War
Religion
Culture
Question
The first news agency of Pakistan was ________________.
United Press of Pakistan
United Press of Pakistan
Pakistan press International
Press trust of Pakistan
Question
_______ took the place of literary magazines.
Religious magazines
Fashion magazines
Digest magazines
Political magazines
Question
Every reporter in a newspaper has a special ________.
Skill
Page
Event
Beat
Question
Which of the given is a state owned News agency?
APP
PPI
UPP
All of the given options
Question
All of the following newspapers were taken under the control of NPT Except:
Lail o Nihar
Daily Mashriq
Dawn
Hilal-e-Pakistan
Question
Who abrogated the first constitution of Pakistan?
Sikander Mirza
General Ayub Khan
Mohammed khan junejo
Ghulam Ishaq khan
Question
_____________ are considered as the most popular periodicals worldwide.
Literary magazines
Religious magazines
Film magazines
Political magazines
Question
United Press of Pakistan came into existence in December_________.
1947
1948
1949
1950
Question
Which of the following act was imposed in 1919?
Police Act
Gagging Act
Rowlett Act
None of these
Question
All of the following magazines have vanished after 1960s Except:
Sawera
Naqash
Tahleeq
Naya daur
Question
Which of the following could be a source for getting news?
News agencies
Radio
Television
All of the given options
Question
Major contribution of periodicals in the history of Pakistan had been in the area of_____________.
Politics
Literature
Freedom
Religion
Question:
What are the English and Urdu Newspaper Policies for Religious Extremism?
Question:
Write down few International News Agencies.
Question:
Difference between writing of a News agency and a Newspaper.
Question:
What you know about Rowlett Act 1919?
Question:
What kind of problems Pakistan had faced after Dhaka Fall?
Question:
What are the basic three essential parts of the newspaper now a days? Ans:(hint-(a) Advertising, (b) News (Editorial)-
lesson,15)
Question:
What editorial has importance in a newspaper and what you know about the editorial page?
MCM304 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:13 AM (13 years ago)
MCM304 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
what problems where faced by Pakistan after Dhaka fall? (3 Marks)
what is the condition of the staf of news paper in Pakistan ? (3 marks)
Jot down the necessities of magazines Journalism? (3 Marks)
describe the historical perspective of news agency ? (5 Marks)
What kind of Reporting Pakistan Mass media did Afghan War? (5 Marks)
Mgt211 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:13 AM (13 years ago)
Mgt211 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
- What causes disequilibrium in the balance of trade? 5 marks
- What factors are responsible for a successful business? 5 marks
- What factors forced towards the Equal Opportunity Employement? 5 marks
MCM-304 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:12 AM (13 years ago)
MCM-304 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
MASS-MEDIA IN PAKISTAN
MID-TERM, DEC., 2011
Question :
... In 1822, which was the first urdu newspaper emerged:
Imroz
Kohistan
Jam-e-Jahanuma
Masawat
Question:
Which of the following Radio station was built in 1927?
Peshawar
Rawalpindi
Lahore
Multan
Question:
In 1953, communal riots were started between Muslims and -----------------.
Hindus
Sikhs
Christians
Ahmedis
Question:
The only medium of communication between the two wings of Pakistan was ________.
Urdu
English
Bengali
Persian
Question:
Which of the following paper was not published by Progressive Paper LTD?
Imroz
Lail o Nehar
Pakistan Times
Kohistan
Question:
In 1960, Magazines were replaced by----------------.
Newsletters
Research articles
Digests
Add magazines
Question:
PNA included _________ Pakistani political parties.
6
7
8
10
Question:
Which of the following newspaper was published by Moulana Zafar Ali Khan?
Tehzib ul Ikhlaq
Zamindar
Inqalab
Manshoor
Question:
The entry of -------------- affected the readership of the newspapers.
Folk Media
Television
Telephone
Telefun
Question:
In the inner political scenario of 1979, General Zia ul Haq was trying to ________the country.
Modernize
Islamize
Communize
Communize
Question:
In newspapers, there is a page to represent subjective opinion. It is called as-----------------
First page
Editorial page
Current affairs page
Opinion page
Question:
When did Delhi fall occur?
In 1845
In 1857
In 1875
In 1905
Question:
Gen Zia ul Haq was in favor of ___________.
War
Jihad
Modernism
Communism
Question:
Most of the newspapers that were in Delhi prior to independence were shifted to-----------
Karachi
Lahore
Islamabad
Rawalpindi
Question:
How many members of Islamic countries have participated in second Islamic conference?
36
38
40
56
Question:
Which Newspaper presented Pakistan Peoples' Party in 1969-1970 elections?
Awaz
Masawat
Jasarat
Kohistan
Question:
An important aspect of Pictorial journalism is__________.
Politics
Society
Showbiz
Question:
_____________ are considered as the most popular periodicals worldwide.
Literary magazines
Religious magazines
Film magazines
Political magazines
Question:
National Press Trust was basically __________body?
Media controlled
State controlled
Foreign controlled
An independent
Question:
___________ Newspaper started Offset printing in Pakistan.
Jang
Nawa I waqt
Kohistan
Jasarat
Question:
In 1964, _____________was established and all the PPL papers were given to it.
Press bank
East Pakistan Press
West Pakistan Press
National Press Trust
Question:
Which of the following resigned from the central legislature as protest against Rowlett act?
Mahatma Gandhi
Jawaharlal Nehru
Quaid e Azam
Allama Iqbal
Question:
Which of the following is not found in literary magazine?
Poetry
Critical reviews of different books
News
Short stories
Question:
Major contribution of periodicals in the history of Pakistan had been in the area of_____________.
Politics
Literature
Freedom
Religion
Question:
Every reporter in a newspaper has a special ________.
Skill
Page
Event
Beat
Question:
The first Urdu newspaper jame jahan Numa was published in ________?
1800
1815
1822
1830
Question:
All of the following are the basic segments of a newspaper EXCEPT:
Editorials
News
Columns
Advertising
Question:
In offset printing photographic plates are used and then it is converted on ________ plate.
Sulphite
Phosphorus
Alumunium
Iron
Question
United Press of Pakistan came into existence in December_________.
1947
1948
1949
1950
Question:
There is a Chinese saying that a good picture is better than _________words.
One hundred
One thousand
One million
One million
Question:
In earlier times the layout of the newspaper was just like a____________.
Journal
Article
Magazine
Book
Question:
The readership of English newspapers is very much different in :
Culture
Values
Economic interest
All of above
Question:
In 1953'Kohistan' was published by a famous novel writer:
Charagh Hassan Hasrat
Molana Hasrat Mohani
Nasim Hijazi
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Question:
After Independence the mass medium or Newspapers gauranted full freedom in which during whom's government:
Yahya Khan
Gen Ayub Khan
Gen Zia
Bhutto's era
Question:
In Pakistan after independence till , Litho printing was used:
1949
1957
1953
1962
Question:
After signing the Shimla agreement with Indian government Pakistani Army Prisnors were released:
90000
59000
79000
93000
Question:
28th May was the .
Independence day.
Nuclear testing day
Constitution day
War day
Question:
Society magazines are also known as .
Film Magazine
Political Magazine
Fashion Magazine
Digest Magazine
Question:
is also considered as the oldest news agency of the world.
United Press International
Agence France-Presse
Reuters
Associated Press
Question:
In Ayub Khan's Era, the deputy Commisioner was given the right to .
Accepting Lisence
Accepting the declaration
Refuse the Declaration
Misuse the Lisence
Question:
Discuss US movement during Afghan War? (3-Marks)
Question:
Define Magazine, Periodical, and Journal? (3-Marks)
Question:
Discuss the condition of the newspaper in Pakistan. (3-Marks)
Question:
Discuss whether the feature writing is helpful for newspaper or not? (5-Marks)
Question:
Is the forum discussion is healthy and informative source for the public? (5-Marks)
Question:
Discuss the work of newspapers on the decision of Musharaf's Government to Support Us. (5-marks)
MCM511 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:12 AM (13 years ago)
MCM511 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
1. Hutchins commission it emphasized the need for an independent press that scrutinizes other social institutions and
provides objective, accurate, news reports. Discuss 3 marks
2. Factionalist approach discuss with the media example 3 marks
3. Carl Hovland to study the claim of mass society theory, he experimented on the soldiers with assumption. Discuss marks 5
4. Resonance occurs when real world support the distorted image of realty shown on television discuss marks 3
5. Social construction of reality and cultivation discuss
FIN-621 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:11 AM (13 years ago)
FIN-621 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
Paper that was quit easy
Total MCQs was 22 that was from past papers, just 3 to 4 was new
And Subjective was These. . .
1) Difference between Cost and Expense
2) If the company issues stocks or bonds to pay debts, would you include it in the cash flow statement?
3) Explain how the adoptions of FIFO method rather than LIFO will tend to raise or lower the quality of a company's earnings?
Assume the continuance of the inflation
4) Aik Numerical tha Cash flow statement ka....
aur 5 Question.
Eng201 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:11 AM (13 years ago)
Eng201 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
eng201 ka paper boht easy aata hy mera paper 2nd dec. ko tha boht easy tha.
is k liey yeh 12 lecture achi tarah tiar karo
lec 3
lect 8, 9, 10
lect 14, 15, 16, 17
lect 19, 20,21
lec 22
is sy ap k 25 sy above marks aa jaen gy out of 35
paper pattern of eng 201
10 mcqs = each 1 marks = 10*1 = 10 marks
2 short question each 2 marks = 2*2 = 4 marks
2 short question each 3 marks = 3*2 = 6 marks
3 long question each 5 marks = 5*3 = 15 marks
total =10+4+6+15= 35 marks.
Eco401 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:10 AM (13 years ago)
Eco401 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
Sometimes market activities (production, buying, and selling) have unintended positive or negative effects outside the market's scope. These are called externalities. As a policy maker concerned with correcting the effects of gases and particulates emitted by and local power plant, answer the following questions:
1.What two policies could you use to reduce the total amount of emissions?
2.Why do you think they each would work?
3.What would the benefits of each action be (besides emissions reduction)?
4.What would the costs of each action be?
5.How would you decide what was the best level of emission reduction?
Another Paper:
total 32 Ques
28 MCQz
4 long Q
2 Qs 3 marks, and 2 Qs 5 marks
MCQzz almost past aur elasticity, Price descrimination , demand supply se thy
Qs: Monopoly & Oligopoly mein Profit maximization mein kiya difenrce hai
Q: labor , budget ka numeric question tha
baki yad nahi
CS614 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:10 AM (13 years ago)
CS614 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
16 MCQs
1. We use de-normalization which means redundant data. IF Duplication is in the source system what are the effects of this duplication in Analysis of Data ware house? 5 marks
2. Briefly describe the features of Dimensional Modeling? 5 marks
3. We use CDC in both legacy systems and modern systems. What are the benefits of using CDC in modern systems as compared to legacy systems? 3 Marks
4. From distributive, algebraic and holistic transformation which is used in statistical analyzer? Give answer with reason. 3 marks
5. Round robin distribution is pre- defined? Do you agreed or not. Give your answer with argument? 2 marks
6. Differentiate between MOLAP and DOLAP in terms of implementation? 2 marks
7. Differentiate b\w offline extractions and online extraction? 2 marks
CS614 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:09 AM (13 years ago)
CS614 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
( Marks: 2)
What problem made re-aggregate in ROLAP?
( Marks: 3 )
Under what condition smart tools work properly to construct a less detailed aggregate from more detailed aggregate
( Marks: 3 )
Briefly explain the basic Data Transformation task?
( Marks: 5 )
After completing the transformation task, data loading activity is started. How many types of data loading strategies are and when each type of strategy is adopted? Explain
( Marks: 5 )
What is business process? Also explain why modiling stratigy sufficient in this process?
CS504 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:08 AM (13 years ago)
CS504 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
long questions are as follows.
1) Aggregation ki atleast two real life examples.
2) identify the following:
i) data.
ii) program
iii) documentation
3) Explain these:
1) object creation
2) object life time
4) what textual analysis. explain it?
5) By following the software architecture define the Structure of "a house with its mendator, (shayed yhi spellings the) with the software structure analysis.
CS504 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com) 4 Dec 2011 7:08 AM (13 years ago)
CS504 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
20 MCQ's thay jo past paper main sy ni thay
Q1= peter methodology sy koch sentence ko true statement batani thi
Q2=peter methodology sy ak paragraph sy 2 object batnay thay
Q3= ak diagram thi us main object or message batna tha
Q4= ak coding wala sawal tha
Q5= AS a software engineer batain sequence diagram or collaboration diagram kis jaga use krain gy
Q6=koch statements sy ture statement batani thain
Another Papers:
Cs504- Software Engineering-I
Syed M. Umair Saulat
Mc100403250
Time 8.00 AM at North Nazimabad Campus Karachi
Time : 60 minutes
Total Question 26
MCQs 21
Short Question 5
What are architectural designs Process, explain briefly?
System structuring: -
System structuring is concerned with decomposing the system into interacting sub-systems. The system is decomposed into
several principal sub-systems and communications between these sub-systems are identified
Control modeling:- Control modeling establishes a model of the control relationships between the different parts of the
system.
Modular decomposition:- During this activity, the identified sub-systems are decomposed into modules. This design process is
further elaborated in the following section where architectural views are discussed.
What is action-oriented approach for Software Design?
Answer:
In the case of action-oriented approach, data is decomposed according to functionality requirements. That is, decomposition
revolves around function. In the OO approach, decomposition of a problem revolves around data. Action-oriented paradigm
focuses only on the functionality of a system and typically ignores the data until it is required. Object- oriented paradigm
focuses both on the functionality and the data at the same time. The basic difference between these two is decentralized
control mechanism versus centralized control mechanism respectively. Decentralization gives OO the ability to handle
essential complexity better than action-oriented approach.
Define cohesion.
Answer:
Cohesion is an internal property of a module. Cohesion describes the intra-component linkages while couple shows the inter-
component linkages. Cohesion measures the independence of a module.
What is OOP
Answer:
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language model organized around "objects" rather than "actions" and data
rather than logic. Historically, a program has been viewed as a logical procedure that takes input data, processes it, and
produces output data.
What is the difference between Aggregation and Association?
Answer:-
As compared to association, aggregation implies a tighter coupling between the two objects which are involved in this
relationship. Therefore, one way to differentiate between aggregation and association is that if the two objects are tightly
coupled, that is, if they cannot exist independently, it is an aggregation, and if they are usually considered as
independent, it is an association.
CS504 VU Midterm Current Papers Fall 2011 of Virtual University of Paksitan (www.vusolutions.com)
Fall 2011 Latest Papers (7 Current Papers)***
*Papers Number 01***
*Define: Data , **Documentation** , Program***
*Cruise missile **scenario better fire which kind of design parameters are used for better work?***
In some software the *efficiency* is more important and desirable. For example if we talk about a cruise missile or a nuclear
reactor controller that are droved by the software systems then performance and reliability is far more important than the
cost-effectiveness and user-friendliness. In these cases if your software does not react within a certain amount of time
then it may result in the disaster like Chernobyl accident.
*After the analyzing you consider that the **cost and efficiency conflict **of a software then what you suggest to tackle
this situation? Give three best ways?***
Law of diminishing returns shall be adopted.
*Write three **types of messages **in sequence diagrams: 21-lec***
Sequence diagrams can depict many different types of messages. These are: synchronous or simple, asynchronous, create, and
destroy. The following diagram shows the notation and types of arrows used for these different message types.
Question No: 11 (Marks: 2)
*Suppose you are working as a software engineer involved in the development of an e-commerce website.** What are the 2 most
important characteristics your software must have? *
Answer:- (Software engineering ---Page 797 )
Two most important characteristics are that software should be reliable and useable.
Then security is also concern
*Papers Number 02***
Question No: 3 ( Marks: -- )
*HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THAT AN OBJECTIVE BELONGS TO CERTAIN CLASS?** *
Answer:- (Page 85)
The basic unit of object oriented design is an object. An object can be defined as a tangible entity that exhibits some well
defined behavior. The structure and behavior of similar objects are defined in their common class. A class specifies an
interface and defines an implementation.
*What is the difference between Aggregation and Association?** *
Answer:- (Page 87)
As compared to association, aggregation implies a tighter coupling between the two objects which are involved in this
relationship. Therefore, one way to differentiate between aggregation and association is that if the two objects are tightly
coupled, that is, if they cannot exist independently, it is an aggregation, and if they are usually considered as
independent, it is an association.
*Q2) What is meant by"**System's Static **View"?***
*Relationship Among Objects***
The object model presents a static view of the system and illustrates how different objects collaborate with one another
through patterns of interaction. Inheritance, association and aggregation are the three inter-object relationships specified
by the object model.
Inheritance defines a "kind of" hierarchy among classes. By inheritance, we specify generalization/specialization
relationship among objects. In this relationship, a class (called the subclass) shares the structure and behavior defined in
another class (called the superclass). A subclass augments or redefines the existing structure and behavior of its
superclass. By classifying objects into groups of related abstractions, we come to explicitly distinguish the common and
distinct properties of different objects, which further help us to master their inherent complexity. Identifying the
hierarchy within a complex system requires the discovery of patterns among many objects.
In an association relationship, when object A "uses" object B, then A may send messages to B. The relationship defines
visibility among objects.
The aggregation relationship defines part-of structure among objects. When object A is part of the state of object B, A is
said to be contained by B. There are some tradeoffs between aggregation and association relationships. Aggregation reduces
the number of objects that must be visible at the level of enclosing objects and may lead to undesirable tighter coupling
among objects.
*Differentiate between Association and Aggregation ?***
*Association and Aggregation - Some basic differences***
Objects do not exist in isolation. They rather collaborate with one another in many different ways to achieve an overall
goal. The different types of relationships in which these objects are involved include association, aggregation, and
inheritance. Briefly, inheritance denotes a "kind of" relationship, aggregation denotes a "part of" relationship, and
association denotes some semantic connection among otherwise unrelated classes.
Any further elaboration on inheritance relationship is beyond the scope of this discussion and therefore we shall concentrate
on agrregation and association relationships only.
As mentioned earlier, aggregation is the "part-whole" or "a-part-of" relationship in which objects representing the
components of something are encapsulated within an object representing the entire assembly. In other words, the whole is
meaningless without its parts and the part cannot exist without its container or assembly.
*What is behavior driven perceptive of an objective?** *
Answer:- (Page 85)
Behavior is how an object acts and reacts in terms of its state changes and message passing. The behavior of an object is
completely defined by its actions. A message is some action that one object performs upon another in order to elicit a
reaction. The operations that clients may perform upon an object are called methods.
*What is textual analysis?** *
*Object-Oriented Analysis using Abbot's Textual Analysis***
The first object-orientation technique that we will study is one of the oldest techniques to identify objects and their
relationships. This technique is called *Textual Analysis*. It was initially developed by *Abbot * and then extended by
*Graham and others.* In this technique different parts of speech are identified within the text of the specification and
these parts are modeled using different components.
*Q5) What is **Software Architecture** **?***
Answer:- (Page 116)
Architecture is the organizational structure of a system. Architecture can be recursively decomposed into parts that interact
through interfaces, relationships that connect parts, and constraints for assembling parts. Parts that interact through
interfaces include classes, components and subsystems.
What do we mean by software architecture?
Unfortunately, there is yet no single universally accepted definition. Nor is there a shortage of proposed definition
candidates.
The term is interpreted and defined in many different ways. At the essence of all the discussion about software architecture,
however, is a focus on reasoning about the structural issues of a system. And although architecture is sometimes used to mean
a certain architectural style, such as client-server, and sometimes used to refer to a field of study, it is most often used
to describe structural aspects of a particular system.
Before looking at the definitions for the software architecture, it is important to understand how a software system is
defined. It is important because many definitions of software architecture make a reference to software systems.
*According to UML 1.3,* a system is a collection of connected units that are organized to accomplish a specific purpose. A
system can be described by one or more models, possibly from different viewpoints. IEEE Std. 610.12-1990 defines a system as
a collection of components organized to accomplish a specific function or set of functions.
That is, a system is defined as an organized set of connected components to accomplish the specified tasks.
Let us now look at some of the software architecture definitions from some of the most influential writers and groups in the
field.
*UML 1.3:***
Architecture is the organizational structure of a system. An architecture can be recursively decomposed into parts that
interact through interfaces, relationships that connect parts, and constraints for assembling parts. Parts that interact
through interfaces include classes, components and subsystems.
*IEEE Glossary***
Architectural design: The process of defining a collection of hardware and software components and their interfaces to
establish the framework for the development of a computer system
*Q6) What is the **Cardinality **of Objective**?***
Answer :- (Software engineering ---Page 334 )
*Cardinality.* The data model must be capable of representing the number of occurrences Objects in a given relationship.
Tillmann [TIL93] defines the cardinality of an object/relationship pair in the following manner:
*One-to-one (l:l)*—One occurrence of [object] 'A' can relate to one and only one occurrence of [object] 'B,' and an
occurrence of 'B' can relate to only one occurrence of 'A.'
*One-to-many (l:N)—*One occurrence of [object] 'A' can relate to one or many occurrences of [object]'B,' but an occurrence of
'B' can relate to only one occurrence of 'A.' *For example, a mother can have many children, but a child can have only one
mother.*
*Many-to-many (M:N)—*An occurrence of [object] 'A' can relate to one or more occurrences of 'B,' while an occurrence of 'B'
can relate to one or more occurrences of 'A.' *For example, an uncle can have many nephews, while a nephew can have many
uncles.*
*Abstraction and encapsulation***
Abstraction and encapsulation are complementary concepts.
*Abstraction* provides the outside view to the client and encapsulation prevents clients from seeing its inside view. For
abstraction to work, implementation must be encapsulated.
*Encapsulation* hides the details of the implementation of an object. Intelligent encapsulation localizes design decisions
that are likely to change. The ability to change the representation of an object without disturbing any of its clients is the
essential benefit of encapsulation.
*Papers Number 03***
*Q1.Is the design of software architecture a iterative process? ( Marks 2)***
*Answer:* Just like any other design activity, design of software architecture is a creative and iterative process. This
involves performing a number of activities, not necessarily in any particular order or sequence. These include system
structuring, control modeling, and modular decomposition.
*What is textual analysis?** *
*Answer:*
*Object-Oriented Analysis using Abbot's Textual Analysis***
The first object-orientation technique that we will study is one of the oldest techniques to identify objects and their
relationships. This technique is called *Textual Analysis*. It was initially developed by *Abbot * and then extended by
*Graham and others.* In this technique different parts of speech are identified within the text of the specification and
these parts are modeled using different components. The following table shows this scheme.
*Q3. Think about any sales point and write the atteribute and serivses of "sale" object? ( Marks 3)** *
*Answer:*
Innovative Question , Solve it by yourself , with regard to Coad Methodology.
*Q4. If we matain **a **part of code **there is no effect **on other part .
What u say this kind of Code and wath principal is used for making this
code? ( Marks 3)** *
*Answer:***
*Q5. In which **situation **we can use **collaboration diagram **and sequence diagram**? ( Marks 5)** *
*Answer:*
*Q6. define aggregate and Narate the 2 examples of agreegate in real Life? ( Marks 5)***
*Answer:*
As mentioned earlier, aggregation is the "part-whole" or "a-part-of" relationship in which objects representing the
components of something are encapsulated within an object representing the entire assembly. In other words, the whole is
meaningless without its parts and the part cannot exist without its container or assembly.
*Papers Number 04***
*What are architectural designs Process, explain briefly?***
*Answer:*
*System structuring: -*
System structuring is concerned with decomposing the system into interacting sub-systems. The system is decomposed into
several principal sub-systems and communications between these sub-systems are identified
*Control modeling:-* Control modeling establishes a model of the control relationships between the different parts of the
system.
*Modular decomposition:-* During this activity, the identified sub-systems are decomposed into modules. This design process
is further elaborated in the following section where architectural views are discussed.
*What is action-oriented approach for Software Design?***
* Answer:*
In the case of action-oriented approach, data is decomposed according to functionality requirements. That is, decomposition
revolves around function. In the OO approach, decomposition of a problem revolves around data. Action-oriented paradigm
focuses only on the functionality of a system and typically ignores the data until it is required. Object-oriented paradigm
focuses both on the functionality and the data at the same time. The basic difference between these two is decentralized
control mechanism versus centralized control mechanism respectively. Decentralization gives OO the ability to handle
essential complexity better than action-oriented approach.
*Define cohesion.***
*Answer:*
Cohesion is an internal property of a module. Cohesion describes the intra-component linkages while couple shows the inter-
component linkages.Cohesion measures the independence of a module.
*What is OOP***
*Answer:*
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language model organized around "objects" rather than "actions" and data
rather than logic. Historically, a program has been viewed as a logical procedure that takes input data, processes it, and
produces output data.
*What is the difference between Aggregation and Association?***
*Answer:-*
As compared to association, aggregation implies a tighter coupling between the two objects which are involved in this
relationship. Therefore, one way to differentiate between aggregation and association is that if the two objects are tightly
coupled, that is, if they cannot exist independently, it is an aggregation, and if they are usually considered as
independent, it is an association.
*Paper Number 05***
*Q1= peter methodology sy koch sentence ko true statement batani thi*
*Q2=peter methodology sy ak paragraph sy 2 object batnay thay*
*Q3= ak diagram thi us main object or message batna tha*
*Q4= ak coding wala sawal tha*
*Q5= As a software engineer batain sequence diagram or collaboration diagram kis jaga use krain gy*
*Q6=koch statements sy ture statement batani thain*
*Paper Number 06*
20 mcqs
*peter cod main say question tha*
*ak statement di hoi thi us main say object btanay thay using methdolog abstraction tha*
*peter cod walay main say ak or tha*
*methods btanay thay to analyze software quality*
*ak ajeeb sa question tha ,wo main nay nahi kiya , mara paper to buhat acha hoa*
*Paper Number 07
*Q No. 01**Identify Objects in the given figure. 2 Marks*
*Define Coupling? 2 Marks*
*To write a maintainable code which factors /issues , which design code ,should kept in mind*
*While defining the attributes of an object which point should should be kept in mind.state at least 3 with examples….3
Marks*
*Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 5 Marks*
Encapsulation
Multiple Inheritance
Classes/Class
Association.
*Explain the Whole Part in the following figure.*
*Sale|>--------------------|Sale Line Items. 5 Marks*