5 Golden Time Management Rules to follow in Freelancing 8 Apr 2019 11:48 PM (6 years ago)

Freelancing is a job that is usually looked down upon while talking of full-time jobs. People grant it as a part-time activity that will drive bucks into their accounts. But when they actually get to work as a freelance, initially they find themselves lost in managing their time. By acting upon the following golden rules of time management, one can surely manage his/her time wisely and can turn out to be an effective freelancer.

Make a schedule

The first and foremost step of any activity in life in planning. One must plan the process before actually getting into it. An effective plan can help you in making things easy to follow. For this purpose, firstly you need to make a schedule. Divide your time according to your need and then stick to it.

Jolt down the Distractions

Sit down! Relax! and think about the distractions that are causing hurdles in your time management. Jolt it down on a paper and work to get rid of them.

Write it down

Write down your daily activities regarding freelancing and other life activities which are eating most of your time. It will help you in managing and dividing your time on crucial matters more wisely .

Remember that you’re in charge of your time

You must realize that time is money and you are in charge of your 24 hours a day. This is up to you, how you divide and conquer your time.

Learn to Say No

Lastly, learn to say no to matters and activities that are not productive and can be compromised without costing you any loss. There are too many activities in our life that are not productive at all and we follow on a daily basis. Its time to say no to all of them in order to be an effective, efficient and productive freelancer.

The Role of Enzyme in our Body 10 Jul 2014 12:18 PM (10 years ago)

Enzymes are fascinating from a medical scientific and even philosophical point of view. Enzymes system constitute and essential components of life for human, animals, plant and all micro-organism .we require enzymes not only to eat ,digest and absorb our nutrients, but also to see ,hear, smell, taste, breathe and move. enzymes are required for our blood and coagulation system ,cardiovascular function, kidney, liver, elimination of toxic products, excretion, reproduction etc. they are required even to think, dream or for sexual excitement or activity. When enzyme activity stops, life stops and the person dies.

The orally administered hydrolytic enzyme was first discovered by Dr Max Wolf the pioneer physician often regarded as “FATHER OF ENZYME”  Dr wolf injected indigo blue dye into the skin of back of laboratory animals  creating a dim sized blue spot.

He then administered oral placebo and the spot showed little  change .when the administered oral hydrolytic enzyme the blue spot site would spread to cover the entire back of the animal with in  2 to 3 hours  after administration. he was impressed by this finding and inspired to continue his research. because the technique available at the time could not properly confirm absorption into the blood circulation or lymphatics, emphasis was placed on demonstration  of pharmacological and clinical effects.

What are Enzymes? The word enzyme comes from the Greekword  enzymos, which means leavened or fermented.

Enzymes are group of proteins that regulates biological reactions in our bodies. they are called biological catalyst which drive the chemical reactions that take place inside our cells. catalyst are substances that effect the rate at which chemical reaction occur. they take part in chemical reactions ,but are not changed chemically  in the overall reaction. Biological catalyst, or enzymes as they are called are very specific in their actions

Overall 3000 enzymes are known to us. Enzymes work in our bodies to help us digest our food.  conduct nerve impulses throughout our bodies and breakdown carbohydrate, lipids, proteins into smaller molecules. if even one enzyme is missing in the body ,the result can be disastrous.

Enzyme Composition

There are two types of enzymes: simple enzymes and conjugated enzymes.

Simple enzyme are protein that are composed entirely of amino acids. e.g of simple enzymes are pepsin ,trypsin and chemotrypsin. They are entirely protein in composition.

Conjugated enzymes are composed of a protein group and non protein group. The non protein group is called cofactor. Cofactors can be metal ions such as Fe2+,Fe3+,Mn3+Mg2+Zn2+Cu2+ or they can be organic molecules, when the cofactor of an enzyme is a complex organic molecules ,it is called coenzyme. The cofactor is essential for the biological activity of the conjugated enzyme. some  require both kinds of cofactors, a metal ion and a coenzyme, to be biologically active. Many of the vitamins are coenzymes

ENZYME IN NATURE SINCE ADAM

Had his mind not been elsewhere, Adam might have observed an exemple of such enzymatic activity after having bitten into the fruit offered to him by Eve. As many theologians believe that the fruit was an apple .the surface of the apple where the bite had been taken becomes coated with an ever browner layer. This process which is set in action by enzyme is the apple’s immediate attempt to close this large wound. It is the protection layer intened to prevent the inside of the apple from drying out and being attacked by becteria, moulds and other dangers. At the same time, a healing process is set in motion by other enzymes just under the protection surface, to pressure the rest of the apple.

There are six main groups of enzymes, each having fundamentally different activities Hydrolases break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats such as during the process of digestion. They do this by adding a water molecule, thus the name hydrolases. Isomerases catalyze the rearrangement of chemical groups within the same molecule. The ligases catalyze the formation of a bond between two substrate molecules through the use of an energy source. Lyases catalyze the formation of double bonds between atoms by adding or subtracting chemical groups.Oxidoreductases make oxidation-reduction (the process by which an atom loses an electron to another atom) possible. Transferasestransfer chemical groups from one molecule to another.

Enzymes are wondrous aids used to improve health, maintain wellness, and fight disease and injuries. Scientific investigations of enzymes taken from plants, animals, and microbial sources have been ongoing for over forty years. Acting as catalysts, enzymes are best known for their ability to aid digestion and ease digestive problems. Treatment of some conditions requires that enzymes be absorbed into the bloodstream. This treatment is referred to as

Systemic enzyme therapy.

Digestive Aids

Supplemental enzymes are frequently used as digestive aids. In fact, papaya has been used as a digestive aid for centuries because of its enzyme papain.pineapple contain bromelain although scarcely any can be found in canned pineapples. The primary goal of digestive enzymes is to

break food down into smaller particles so that the body can more easily absorb the nutrients in the food. The majority of this work is completed in the stomach and subsequently the small intestine.

The enzymes used most frequently to treat digestive problems include proteases, amylases, and lipases.  Each digestive enzyme is very specific and works on a different

Substrate.

ENZYME THERAPY

Research has shown that a number of conditions, including acne, aging, allergies, autoimmune conditions, cancer, circulatory diseases, health conditions requiring detoxification, infections, inflammation, injuries, rheumatic diseases, skin problems, sports and other injuries, and viruses can all be treated with enzymes,

Although there is variation among individuals, our bodies ‘enzymatic activity generally begins to decline somewhere between the ages of sixteen and twenty, as our growth peaks. At this time,

The rate of tissue reproduction tends to decrease, and what we refer to as aging begins. Since every activity in the body requires enzymes, replenishing the enzyme supply lost with aging can

Restore your body’s natural enzyme balance. This, in turn, can help fight disease and improve your health status. This is why systemic enzyme therapy is effective against such a wide variety of Conditions. The type of enzyme you take, the dosage level, individual variables (such as height, weight, general health, lifestyle, and dietary patterns), and the condition being treated can all influence how rapidly you respond to enzyme therapy. For instance, if you are taking enzymes to improve digestion, you should notice an improvement within a couple of hours. If not, perhaps you need to increase the dose. If improvement still is not seen, analyze your diet and make sure you’re taking the proper type of enzyme to   digest what you eat, or that you don’t have some other illness (for instance, a heart condition) that is mimicking a digestive problem. Generally speaking, when enzymes are taken to treat an inflammatory condition or one involving pain, some improvement will be noted within three to seven days. Chronic conditions such

As rheumatoid arthritis may require one to three months (or more) before you notice a change in your symptoms. In addition, some conditions have periods of waxing and waning (such as

Rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis)—times when the symptoms may be markedly worse or, perhaps, a little better. When the condition is worse (or when you notice an exacerbation

Of symptoms), it’s important to increase the dose.

There are also some enzymes administered primarily by injection, which is done in a doctor’s office or hospital. When administered in this way, absorption is not of critical importance,

Since they are injected directly into the bloodstream or into tissue. Those enzymes administered by injection include brinase, chymopapain, collagenase, hyaluronidase, lysozyme, plasmin,

Streptokinase, streptodor-nase, and urokinase. However, collagenase and hyaluronidase can also be administered topically. Other enzymes that can be taken by injection include carbohydrase,

Chymotrypsin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and trypsin. It should be noted, however, that inject able enzymes should be used with caution. They can cause very serious side effects, such as anaphylactic shock, and are only used by physicians in severe life threatening situations.

Written By:

DR S REHAN HAIDER

Nokia Lumia 1020; A Quick Review 22 Jul 2013 10:39 AM (11 years ago)

The revolutionary inventions in mobile phone technology had totally changed the concept of mobile phone. Smart phones are becoming popular day-by-day among people. In spite of the great interest of people in smart phones different companies are introducing their smart phones with a vast range of specifications. Before smart phones Nokia mobiles was of great value and demand. The mobile phones introduced by Nokia used to sell like hot cakes. But eventually Apple turned out the game and iphone introduced by Apple started becoming popular. After the great success of iphones in market, Samsung and HTC also started introducing smart phones. The drawback of iphones was that they had a very low battery time. On the other side Samsung started introducing mobile phones with enhanced facilities and long battery time too. In this competition of making better smart phone than other Nokia also started introducing smart phones but they didn’t become famous and Nokia mobile phones lost their value in market. Nokia came into competition of smart phones after introducing Lumia Series.

Nokia Lumia 1020 is a hope for Nokia to take its position back in market. The 41 megapixel of camera with Nokia Lumia 1020 makes it unique, demanding and it will also attract costumers towards it. This is the first ever smart phone and mobile phone with such a great feature of having 41 megapixel cameras. Those people who are interested in photography this mobile phone in most suitable for them. The accessories being offered with Nokia Lumia 1020 are also attracting people towards it.

Specifications:

Display:

Display size: 4.5 ″

Display technology: Clear Black, AMOLED

Touch screen technology: Super-sensitive touch, Pure motion HD

Camera:

For photography: 41 megapixels with ZEISS lens, Xenon flash, 3x zoom and OIS

For Video: HD video recording of 1080p at the rate of 30fps (Frames per Second), two rich audio recording mics; it has 1.2 megapixels of secondary camera with 720p video

Battery:

Type: 2,000 mAH

Timing:

Maximum 2G talk time: 19.1 h

Maximum 3G talk time: 13.3 h

Music playback time: 63 h

It has wireless charging facility with accessory cover.

Processor:

Processor name: Qualcomm Snapdragon S4

Processor type: Dual-core 1.5 GHz

RAM: 2GB

Dimension:

Size: 130.4 × 71.4 × 10.4

Weight: 158g

OS:

Microsoft Windows Phone 8

Memory:

32/64 GB Built-in storage

Connectivity:

Dual-band Wi-Fi, Stereo Bluetooth 3.0, USB, free worldwide navigation, GPRS, NFC

Colors:

Yellow, White & Black

Others:

Nokia exclusive Pro camera app, FM Radio, Proximity sensor, built-in accelerometer, GPS & 7 GB free SkyDrive storage

Accessories:

Camera grip with 1020 mAh built-in rechargeable battery for 55 minutes more shoot time and it is easy to attach it with any tripod, Wireless charging cover

According to some sources Nokia Lumia will be available in US markets from 26 July. The price of Lumia 1020 is not yet revealed. Let’s wait and watch. And see that will Nokia Lumia 1020 succeed in giving the position of Nokia back or not?

Written By:

Ayesha Naeem

Biochar: A farmer friendly organic compound 19 Mar 2013 6:29 AM (12 years ago)

Climate change is widely spread and recognized as serious threat to human society and natural ecosystems. Emission of various gases, anthropogenic activities are responsible for climate change. Loss of soil carbon might be attributed to climate change. However many scientist suggested four other mechanisms that may be responsible for reduction in soil carbon and they might be due to less application of organic manure in soils, deep ploughing, and removal of stubbles from fields and intensive farming. Biochar acts as soil conditioner that improves carbon sequestration in soil and reduces carbon emission from soils.

The term “Biochar” defined as black carbon formed by pyrolysis of biomass (plant material) in oxygen limited conditions and seems to be an analogue of traditional charcoal. Biochar is broader term grasping all kind of black carbon produced from any feedstock material.  Form and size of feed stock and rate of pyrolysis determine quality and effectiveness of biochar.  Carbon content in biochar is inversely proportional to biochar yield but directly proportional to time pyrolysis. Naturally occurring biochar in our soil is due to wildfire and is deemed to be a diverse soil carbon pool.

Biochar works in two ways:

(1)   Carbon sequestration: In carbon sequestration, biochar act as soil additive that store carbon in soil otherwise that carbon might be lost in atmosphere in form of CO2.  The extent of carbon sequestration depends on long lived and resistance to chemical processes like oxidation.

(2)   Biofuel and biomass energy production: During pyrolysis of feed stock for biochar production, energy or fuel is produced as bio product which is environment friendly.

Several studies revealed that there is no negative impact reported so far arising from applying biochar in soils. Their use as a source of energy could offsets carbon emissions arising from combustion of fossil fuels.

Its application in agriculture:

Soils with low bulk density and/or higher organic matter lessen the fuel requirement for mechanical tillage. Soils with high organic matter have high water holding capacity and nutrient retention capacity. Biochar helps to add more organic matter in soil and ultimately reduces cost of production per unit area and more per unit area yield might be achieved with reduced irrigations. This is very helpful in rain fed area where only source of irrigation is rain. Pakistan soils have organic matter 0.5-0.8% but satisfactory level is 2%. Furthermore, our farmers are deprived of importance of stubble incorporation, which is excellent source for organic matter in soil. But farmers feel reluctant to incorporate stubbles in order to save money and time. However, biochar is very attractive in that context, simply broadcast or incorporate it in soil. Surprisingly, little information has been gathered on the application and impact of biochar on soil and plant from economic point of view.

Carbon sequestration is main driver of considering biochar application to soil. Incorporation of biologically derived organic matter into a highly stabilized form can reduce CO₂ emission from soil. Along with carbon storage in soil, biochar also enhances soil fertility, crop yield, soil moisture retention, and nutrient retention and use efficiency. Theoretically, biochar has been worked using three kind of mechanisms (I.) direct amendment of soil chemistry through its inherent elemental and compositional make up, (II.) Modification in soil nutrient dynamics by giving chemically active surfaces (III.) Manipulating physical nature of the top soil in such a way that improves proliferation of roots and nutrient and water retention and acquisition

Through worldwide, markets of biochar are not accessible, and are ill-developed. Although “Biochar” concept is old but its adoption is ignored due to various political, economic factors. A model farm on which biochar is practiced so as to motivate farmers to buy and get benefit from it does not exist yet. In general, there also remains a lack of acquaintance and awareness of bio-energy and carbon markets.

RESEARCH PRIORITIES AND FUTURE CHALLENGES

Based on the importance and potential of biochar, the following research priorities have been identified:

1) Determination of a prognostic relationship for potential properties and its composition such that it can be optimized for use in soil.

2) Examination and quantification of contribution of biochar to reduce adverse impacts of various gas emissions on the soil and atmosphere.

3) Estimation of the impacts of alternate bio-energy systems on the carbon cycle at the global scale, and calibration of different models to support policy decisions and devise suitable market gadgets.

Biochar is farmer friendly organic compound. Both public and private sector should be fostered to develop its industry so that to increase chances and opportunities for fresh graduates.

Posted By:

Mohsin Tanveer, Habib Ullah, Dr. Shakeel Ahmad Anjum. (Associated with Agro-biology lab, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad.)

Suffering from a Delusional Disorder Patients Hyper Natremia: A Short Communication 27 Dec 2012 6:22 AM (12 years ago)

Dysphagia refers to difficulty in swallowing food. The first step in diagnosing the cause of dysphagia history taking and physical examination is performed. If all tests are normal causes such as mental illness for the patient to be considered. Shared psychotic disorder (Folie-a’-deux) is a rare clinical syndrome. These risk factors include female sex syndrome, mental retardation, being passive, dependent, and susceptible to being Histrionics character is the second patient. The patient, a middle-aged woman’s weakness, lightheadedness, nausea and was referred to the refusal to eat. After several days of careful treatment and serum therapy, serum sodium decreased to normal. The cause of the patient’s inability to swallow Hayper natremia (dysphagia) was expressed with anorexia to investigate dysphagia, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was requested. The endoscopic esophagitis was mild and the lesion was not clearly reported. The patient’s psychiatric history it was found that he had thought a year ago by the relatives of her husband through the food will be poisoned.

Posted By:

O. Reza Hossieni¹, R. Bidaki^2*, V.  Tavakolian Ferdosiyehe³, S. Assar ⁵.

Assessment of Attitude of Female to Male Transsexual Toward Gender and Sex Reassignment : A Short Communication 23 Nov 2012 8:26 AM (12 years ago)

Gender identity disorder is pervasive desire for opposite sex with dysphoric state and sex role. Exact description of experiences , ideas , beliefs, problems and barriers on take congruent sex identity and solve inner conflicts ,access to adaptation in Iranian culture and community facilitate to arrive in the keys of this problem.
In this study 4 groups 6 female to male trans sexual persons by available method were been selected.
Participant talked about 9questions in supervision experienced person in focus group discussion and .Themes were been explored and encoded, and then analyzed by content analysis method
The most effective factor on quality of life in female to male trans people are family, sex re-assignment, and the lest effective factor is marriage.
Cultural attitude is negative and People attitude is not favorable and consider them, as homosexual and deviant. Internet was the most source for information achieve, In some instances inform and poor education was indicated.
The most expectations of community are training, broadcasting about this disorder and supporting of family and community. In conclusion, Gender identity disorder and sex change are created various problem for trans people and them families, therefore assessment attitude and views about them help to obtain fundamental decides and basic planning.
Approximately 50% of them protest to low quality of surgery, loss of experience, poor repair surgery and high expensive operations in Iran country.
Internet sites where the most source to achieve information and instance cases, other studies and personal experiences where as information base. They believe unfavorable training and informing about disorder.
The most trans people` barriers and problems to achieve congruent sexual identity and acquired in adaptation are rejection by them families.
Tran’s people will be themselves and this subject is the most important reason for sex change and elevation of self- esteem is the least factor.
Finally sex and sex change have created multiple problems trans people and their family could decide that evaluation views and insights about this persons basic procedures.

Posted By:

Reza Bidaki . MD. Psychiatrist . Rafsanjan  university   of  medical   sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran

Dealing with Impulsive Behaviors of Children : A Short Communication 15 Nov 2012 9:43 AM (12 years ago)

Impulsive behaviors are defined as behaviors that occur suddenly and without considering consequences. One of the effective ways for decreasing these behaviors is redirection. The goal of redirection is self-monitoring and controlling the behaviors. Informing them in advance what they will be doing; is very important. Because these children do not think about the consequences of their behaviors  and can not perceive the social expectations, the behavior should describe firmly. Explain for them what problems are due to their behaviors. Do not apply personal criticism; in this way he does not feel that his behavior leads to emotional arousal of others. Present a good model to the child to reinforce him for appropriate behavior. This can be done especially during sports. Emotional control, no to interrupt others, considering the right of the others and frustration tolerance can be taught in these situations.

Temperament and tendencies of the child should be recognized. This lead  to empathy and increased tolerance of others and applying humor when involuntary impulsive behaviors occur. Look for warning signs of your child’s agitation, becoming over-stimulated, becoming frustrated, having difficulty sitting, controlling self, etc., and intervene early

Some negative misbehavior should be ignored. Show your child what you want him to do. Praise small behavioral changes in child and do not expect sudden changes. Having structure and limit setting can decrease such behaviors.

Reinforcing positive behaviors in children can decrease impulsive behaviors. Practice the task ahead of time using various behavior scenarios and have programs. Role playing can prepare children for realistic situation. In this way they teach rules and expectations too. Teach to the children ways for anger management such as rapid running, concentration on breathing, addressing to word games and guessing play. Exercise is helpful in controlling impulsive behaviors. Ask from children activities that they are able to do for increasing self-esteem.

Teaching conflict resolution skill, adaptation to environment, dealing with frustration and stopping to think about consequences can help them to control impulsive behaviors. Children can learn to recognize and express their emotions to decrease their impulsivity.

Posted By:

Reza Bidaki . MD. Psychiatrist . Assis   prof  of  Rafsanjan  university  of  medical  sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran

Mitra  Hakim  Shooshtari . MD. Associ  prof  of  child   and  adolescene  psychiatry , Tehran  university  of  medical  sciences  , Tehran , Iran (Corresponding  author )

Urinary Complications Following Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Rare Case Report 24 Oct 2012 11:01 AM (12 years ago)

Abstract:

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an important method in psychiatry, which is the most efficacious treatment in severely depressed elderly patients. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly debilitating condition which leads to personal distress or social dysfunction. As in other medical or surgical procedures, clinicians may encounter cases in which ECT is administered to patients with various kinds of complications. We are going to report a case of urinary complications following electeroconvulsive therapy from about 8 years ago in a female patient with OCD and a Major depression following that. A 49- year-old female and obese (83 kg) patient presented to psychiatrist with severe obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) for cleaning and Major Depression a while after presentation of her OCD. She underwent Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) about 8 years ago for 10 sessions in a 20 days period and after eighth session Urinary Incontinency (UI) and Frequency with mild headache and amnesia were reported. All organic disorders and paraclinic assessments were normal. Urinary Tract infection and Conversion disorder were also ruled out. In summary of discussion and analysis of other investigations this patient’s urinary complaint seems more likely to be due to other reasons.

Keywords: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Complications, Urinary Incontinency (UI), Frequency

Introduction

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an important method in psychiatry, which is primarily indicated for mood disorders and schizophrenia (1) In the last decades, ECT has undergone various revisions and improvements such as safety profile, electrical parameters, using unilateral and bifrontal electrode placement, and etc. As in other medical or surgical procedures, clinicians may encounter cases in which ECT is administered to patients with various kinds of complications. Complications can occur, although infrequent, may include fractures and/or dislocations or adverse cardiovascular, toxic or allergic reactions to intravenous medications. The major complications from ECT are cognitive side effects. While immediate side effects from ECT are rare except for headaches, muscle aches or soreness, nausea, and confusion that usually disappear during the first few hours following the procedure, some more long lasting complications like amnesia, arrhythmias, physical complications (e.g.: spinal or other fractures), and etc, are also reported (2).

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly debilitating condition with a lifetime prevalence of 2% to 3%, (3,4) Obsessions or compulsions which lead to personal distress or social dysfunction contain approximately 1% of adult men and 1.5% of adult women. About half of these adult patients have an episodic course and rest of them have continuous problems (5).

ECT is not being used as a first-line treatment option.  ECT also has been used in the treatment of refractory OCD (6). Nevertheless there is a report about a 48-old women treated for depression which developed successively psychotic symptoms (ideas of reference, psychotic worries), negative symptoms (blunted affect, impoverished thinking, difficulties in planning), and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (mainly repeating rituals, avoidance behaviour, collecting and hoarding). Since she did not respond to combined treatment with neuroleptics and high dose selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors it can be determined that although maintenance ECT is not an approved therapy in OCD but might be an option in pharmacotherapy refractory cases of comorbid OCD and schizophrenic/schizoaffective disorder (7).

We are going to report a case of urinary complications following electeroconvulsive therapy from about 8 years ago in a female patient with OCD and a Major depression following that.

‍‍‍Case   Presentation

A 49- year-old female and obese (83 kg) patient whom is divorced due to her infertility, presented to psychiatrist with severe obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) for cleaning which made her a huge amount of distress and dysfunction from about 19 years ago. She showed Major Depression a while after presentation of her OCD. She has complete insight for her problem. She was never symptom free and always was unpleasant. Before  ECT , she  stimulated  urethra, because  she  had  clean-contamination  obsession, but  Post  ECT she never  manipulated  this  region. She underwent Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) about 8 years ago for 10 sessions in a 20 days period. Her mood disorder had shown positive response. After eighth session Urinary Incontinency (UI) and Frequency with mild headache and amnesia were reported. She referred  to urologist   and  nephrologist which urologic examinations were normal  and  paraclinic assessments  and  urodynamic  tests  did  show  no  abnormality  and  organic  problem  had  been   ruled  out. MRI showed no abnormality. Ultrasonography assessments revealed Smaller uterine size than normal.  Her urinary complications were not related to her OCD relapse. Urinary Tract infection and Conversion disorder were also ruled out. Follow ECT, urinary incontinence was continuously.

Her infertility was due to Amenorrhea, and unovulation which were not responded to estrogen and progesterone therapy. She had not Hypertension, Seizure, Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes Melitus, Thyroid Dysfunction, Seizure, Epilepsy and sleep disorder and all of them were ruled out too.

She   used   fluvoxamine  150 mg  daily, propranolol 20 mg BID, clonazepam 1 mg Qhs before ECT.

For  urinary  complications prescribed  5 mg oxybutynin daily  and  then 2mg  tolterodine daily was prescribed, but  response  to  treatment  was  poor.

She has positive familial history for OCD (in her younger sister which is milder) and MDD (her mother).

She was followed for 8 years that she did not showed any recovery for her urinary complaints.

Discussion:

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is recognized as a highly effective and safe treatment in psychiatry. It may has about 1 death for every 10,000 patients treated. The most common side effects are headache, muscleaches, transient confusion, and memory diffi culties, with the latter usually mild and transient (2). ECT also has some rare complications such as cardiac complications (e.g.Arrhythmias and Myocardial Infarction), Status Epilepticus, Cerebral hemorrhage and etc (2). In other hand ECT had great therapeutic effects on some psychiatric disorders  (9).

Despite all of these reported complications our investigations and searches among articles and reports did not lead to finding and documents about urinary complications following ECT.

The etiology of bladder over activity is variable. By careful interpretation of clinical investigations and urodynamic evaluations, refinement of the diagnosis is possible (10).

Interestingly in an investigation performed by Dwyer et al,. following results had been revealed: Obesity  was significantly more common in women with genuine stress incontinence and detrusor instability than in the normal population and there was no significant difference between obese and nonobese women in any of the urodynamic variables measured in the two incontinence groups (11).

Finally in summary this patient’s urinary complaint seems more likely to be due to other reasons.

Conclusion:

Identify  ,  understanding  and  management    of   ECT complications  prevent  unnecessary  treatment  discontinuation  due  to  manageable  complications. We also suggest that all clinicians who encounter patients undergoing ECT must be vigilant for serious complications so that they can be recognized promptly and steps can be taken to treat them appropriately and prevent recurrence during future ECT sessions. Finally in ECT like other medical procedures we must assess benefits against complications and do what is more beneficial for patient.

References

1. Nakatake M, Teraishi T, Ide M, Wakizono T, Ogawa T, Kuwahara T, et al. Modified electroconvulsive therapy for recurrent major depressive disorder in a meningioma patient: a case report of clinical experience. Fukuoka.101(9):198-206.

2. Cristancho MA, Alici Y, Augoustides JG, O’Reardon JP. Uncommon but serious complications associated with electroconvulsive therapy: recognition and management for the clinician. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2008;10(6):474-80.

3. Karno M, Golding JM, Sorenson SB, Burnam MA. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45(12):1094-9.

4. Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, Greenwald S, Hwu HG, Lee CK, et al. The cross national epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder. The Cross National Collaborative Group. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(Suppl):5-10.

5. Soomro GM. Obsessive compulsive disorder. Clin Evid. 1004;2012(18).

6. Strassnig M, Riedel M, Muller N. Electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with Tourette’s syndrome and co-morbid Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2004;5(3):164-6.

7. Hanisch F, Friedemann J, Piro J, Gutmann P. Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy for comorbid pharmacotherapy-refractory obsessive-compulsive and schizoaffective disorder. Eur J Med Res. 2009;14(8):367-8.

8. Shiwach RS, Peris L. Treatment of major depression complicated by bilateral foot drop and double incontinence with ECT. J Ect. 2000;16(4):419-20.

9. Fall M, Ohlsson BL, Carlsson CA. The neurogenic overactive bladder. Classification based on urodynamics. Br J Urol. 1989;64(4):368-73.

10. Dwyer PL, Lee ET, Hay DM. Obesity and urinary incontinence in women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;95(1):91-6.

Posted By:

Reza Bidaki¹, Masoud Amin²*, Mahbube Akhoondi²

1. Medical Doctor, Assistant   professor of psychiatry.  Rafsanjan University of medical sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

2. Medical student. Rafsanjan University of Medical sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

*: Corresponding Author: Dr Masoud Amin,

Comparison of Urinary Symptoms in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) that Had Been Prostatectomy for Prostate Weight More and Less than 50 Grams 24 Oct 2012 10:44 AM (12 years ago)

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Nowdays prostatic HyperplasiaI  is  the most common benign neoplasm in Aging male . It  was estimated that 200.000 medicare patients had a prostatectomy that year.

The main pur pose of this study is comparison if urinary symptoms after prostatectomy in the Benign hyperplasic patients with prostatic weight  >50&<50gr in Urological center of Moradi Hospital in Rafsanjan city from march 1993 to august 2001

Material and methods: This study was a analytic- descriptive study that assessed 200 Benign hyperplastic  patients after prostatectomy admitted in urological center of Moradi Hospital within 8years. The method of study was simple non probabilitical. Data Werecollected by questionnaire   data analyze was performed by  EP16 and chi square test paired T test  .

Results: from 200 cases 28 patients death  12 patients not available  from 160 residual cases 89 patients had prostate weight >  50gr and71 patients had prostatic weight <50gr . the mean scores of urinary symptoms in the patients with prostatic weight >50gr (=5/85) lesser than of the mean scores of urinary symptoms in the patients with prostatic weight <50gr(=7/44)but no significant difference  was  been  seen. (PV=0/1616)

Frequency distribution of urinary symptoms in the patients with prostatic  weight  more   than   50gr(13/5%)lesser than of patients with prostatic weight less  than 50gr(19/7%)but not significant PV: (0/3973) and frequency distribution of urinary  symptoms in the total patients was 16/3% the sensation of incomplete empting in the patients with prostatic weight <50gr {mean=0/47 frequency  7% )was lesser than of patients group>50gr(mean=0/74 frequency=12%) but not significant. The six symptoms (nocturia, frequency , urgency hesitency ,intermittency  ,weak urinary stream)  in the patients groups>50gr were lesser than of patients groups<50gr but only two symptoms hesitency and weak urinary stream were significant.

Conclusion: since not significant statistic defference between two groups >50gr&<50gr open prostatectomy can use in the patients with prostatic weght  less  than 50gr.

Declaration  of  interest:  None

Key words: open prostatectomy, prostatic weight                                                                    

Introduction:

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common benign tumor in men and its incidence is age dependent and in autopsy studies the incidence rate in men over 80 years to reach 90% (1)

Barry and colleagues Studies in Boston of America on 210 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia were the mean AUA, decrease from 17/6 to 7/1 postoperative (P <0/001).  (2)

Other study in Finland on 401 BPH patients who underwent prostatectomy by transurethral retrograde prostatectomy (TURP) technique was done, it found that after 6/5 years follow up 92% of patients were improved. (3)

In   a   study  on 856  men   to   assess the association of prostate weight with resolve  of sexual function after  radical prostatectomy   was  shown   that  prostate size is not associated with   recovery    urinary  outcome.(4)

In  a  study   on  729   patients   was   shown  that  laparoscopic radical prostatectomy despite preoperative differences increasing prostatic size is not  related  to  retarded  or worse postoperative urinary health   related  quality of life. (5)

In  a  study  on  1024 men underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy  was  showed    that   no clinically  relevant  risks were related  to  increasing body weight.(6)

In  a    study found that the predictor variable of prostate weight  is  significantly inversely related  to  the outcomes of high-grade disease, positive surgical margins, extracapsular extension  and biochemical progression (comparing prostate weight < 20 v ≥ 100 g). Similar   relationships  were seen between preoperative transrectal ultrasound–measured prostate volume and high-grade disease, positive surgical margins, extracapsular extension ,seminal vesicle invasion , and biochemical progression .(7)

Urinary incontinence     after   prostatectomy can   effect   health related

quality of life in men   resolved  with   prostatectomy for prostate cancer.

Currently no consensus exists on which patients are at risk for impaired health

related quality of life secondary to post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence.(8)

In  a  study , It  was  found  that age may be considered both a direct and indirect (BPH-related) prognostic factor for sexual activity. Suprapubic prostatectomy recovery  obstructive symptoms, and maintains sexual desire, overall sexual satisfaction and an improvement in quality of life. However, irritative symptoms, erection, orgasm and sexual intercourse satisfaction are not significantly altered.(9)

The  evaluation of urinary  complaints  is helpful before  pre-operation for predicting the outcome (10).

In   a  study  was  shown  that  body weight has  not significantly related to operative time intraoperative complications , perioperative complications . The prostate volume has  significantly and inversely related to the positive surgical margin rate .The prostate volume was not significantly related to the operative time, intraoperative complications , perioperative complications  , postoperative complications , postoperative continence .(11)

Materials and Methods:

In this cross sectional study, in-patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia that had been prostatectomy and hospitalized at the Urology ward of Moradi hospital (Rafsanjan, Iran), has been studied with simple non randomized method in 3 months. Two hundred patients were selected. Exclusion criteria was, CNS disease (e.g. spinal cord injuries and Parkinson) other prostate diseases such as, prostate cancer, chronic prostate or bladder diseases such as bladder stones, bladder cancer, patients with urinary tract infection, and diabetic patients.

A questionnaire was used to collect data containing: demographic characteristics, weight of prostate before and after surgery، seven urinary symptoms include, 1.Feeling of not complete urine drainage, 2. frequency, 3. intermittency, 4. Weak stream urination, 5. urgency, 6. straining for urination, 7. nocturia. These variables scored from zero to five. The patients according to their prostate weight divided into two groups. Group A , less than 50 grams and Group B, more than 50 grams.

This study was approved by scientific and ethics committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences and all of patients signed Informed consent form.

Data was analyzed by Spss-16 software via Chi square test and T-test. P<0.05 was statistically significant.

Results  and  Discussion

Out of 200 patients, 40 patients left the study and 160 patients divided to two groups (Group-A 89 and Group-B 71).

The mean weight of prostate for group A before and after prostatectomy were 29.77±1.56 and 5.58±6.59 (P= 0.0001) and group B 29.63±1.91 and 7.44±7.7 (P=0.0001) respectively.

Table 1 shows the  mean scores for two groups according to patients symptoms.

The frequency of urinary symptoms in  a group  (13,5 %) lower than the frequency of urinary symptoms in B group  (19.7 %) but statistically not significant (PV = 0/3973)  and  distribution of urinary symptoms in the total samples was  16.3 %.

Feeling of incomplete  voiding  symptoms in patients with A group  ,frequency of 12 percent and mean = 0.74 was  more  than  of patients  B group ( 7%) and  mean =0.47 but it was not  statistically significant.

Six  signs  of  intermittency and frequency, weak steam of rurination, urgency, straining to initiate urination, nocturia in patients A group  was   less than patients B group, that  the only symptom of weak urination, straining to begin urination statistically were significant.

In a study , in Finland in 1993 determined that 92 % of patients undergoing prostatectomy (TURP) were satisfied with their urinary condition (12)

In other research that was conducted in 1986 in America, it was shown that 84% of patients  who   assessed one year after surgery were improved While in the third year, 75% of patients were improved (1)

A surgical approach, when indicated, may reduce urinary and sexual symptoms, thus restoring a good quality of life.

During the  recent  half  century TURP has been the  standard method for treatment of BPH.(13)

In another study conducted in  America  in   1986, 90% of patients who followed up  were improved completely. In this study, two   procedure  of TURP surgery and TVP(Transvesical Prostatectomy) had  been  achieved  for  the  patients, research showed there are very little clinical difference between two groups regard  to the   postoperative results.  (13)

In another study in Italy in 1993 found that 95% of patients were completely recovered (14)

As was observed, according   to   the results of this research , recovery rate after operation were variable in the 70 to  96% and this study is consistent with the overall improvement of 83%.

According  to  the table 1 also scores a total average urinary symptoms in patients with preoperative prostate  about  50gr ,(Mean=5.85), the mean total scores of urinary symptoms in patients with preoperative in B group (Mean=7.44)The mean total clinical symptoms between  A  group  and  B  group is not significant. (P-value=0.1616)

In both groups of patients there were  recovery and satisfaction. Although  clinically    patients   in A  group  , recovered and  satisfied    better, But considering that this difference is not statistically significant This is not a specific recommendation about the timing of surgical intervention based on prostate weight for the Urologist . whether patients  in  B  group  in the absence of TURP surgery according to legitimate reasons, open prostatectomy can be used ? Regard to the high percentage recovery of 80% of these patients despite lack of statistical difference between the two groups of patients, yes it is.

One of the indications for enlarged prostate  is   open prostatectomy and  TURP should be done  for   small Prostate,  for the surgeon is a subjective concept. Experience and the surgeon’s skill and other  factors  can  be effective for the determine of surgeon’s approach.

According to Table 2 ,average scores were used in urinary  symptoms   preoperation in  A group  (Mean=29.775)  and  post operation (mean=5.85). The  difference  is statistically significant (P<0.00001) represents the efficacy  of  surgery in these patients is high and also in patients in  B  group ,  urinary symptom scores before surgery Mean= 29.63  and   after surgery ( Mean=7.44) that it is statistically significant. (p<0.0001)

In  a  survey in 1992 in Boston ,  was determined that the mean scores of urinary symptoms assessed using the AUA Symptom Score Index  ranged  17.6 to  7.1  that  postoperative prostatectomy was reduced {P<0.001)(15)

According  table 1 ,  incomplete voiding  feeling   of the complaint scores  were used in B  group (Mean =0.47) lower scores feeling incomplete evacuation in patients in  a  group   (mean=0.74)  and  we  expected  , the  patients  with  lower  weight  of  prostate  would  had a  higher  mean  urinary  score   than  another   group  and   it  is   exactly  opposite with our  anticipation.(P- value=0.2147)

According  to table 3 ,the frequency of complaints, feeling of incomplete emptying of the samples in  A group was 74%  and  the frequency distribution of complaints, incomplete emptying feeling of the samples with prostate weight in b group   was  12 percent  and  totally , 10% in both groups is the frequency distribution of patients with prostate  weight  below 50gr  was  less than patients in A group  , but it  is not statistically significant. (P-Value=0.3961)

According  to  the  table 1 , Mean  frequency  scores  in  patients  with  prostate  weight  below  50 gr  were  more  than  another  group  but  the  difference  was  not  statistically   significant.(P-Value =04173)

According  the  table 4 , distribution  of  frequency  in  patients  with  prostate  weight  below  50 gr  was  15 %  and  in  another  group  was  12%  ,   this  difference  is  not  statistically  significant.(p-value=0.7333)according to  the   table 1 mean  urinary frequency scores in prostate weight 50gr> 88/0 = mean were more  than   in patients with prostate weight 50gr <78/0 = mean This difference is not statistically significant (4433. 0 = PV) Also based on Table 5 Frequency distribution of urinary frequency in the samples studied With  prostate  weight  more  than  50 gr (18%)   and  in  the  samples  in b group  (12%)  and   at  all  is   15% in  both  groups  that  frequency   distribution   in  the B   group   is  more  than  of  A  group  but  it  isn’t  significant  statistically (Pv=0.097). According  to  table 1 the  mean  scores  of  weak  urinary  flow  in  the  b  groups is  more .This  clinical  difference  is  quite significant  statistically (Pv=0.0179). Also  according  to  Table  6  frequency  distribution  of  weak  urinary  flow in   the B group (23%) and in the  B group 9%  and  at  all  is  15%. The  difference  of  between two  groups  is  statistically  significant. (Pv=0.0178 A)According  to  Table  1the  average  scores  of  urgency  in   the  B group (Mean =1.21) is  more  than  of  A group ( Mean=( 0.95)  that  this  is  not  statistically  significant (Pv=0.3671). Also  according  to  the  Table 7 frequency  distribution  of  urgency  in the  B group (27%) and in the A group (21%) and   in  both  groups   is  24%  that  in  the  B group is  more  than  A group but  it  isn’t  statistically  significant.(Pv=0.5403) According  to  the Table 1 the  mean  score  of Straining to begin urination in  the  B group (mean=0.6)   is  more   than  A  group.(Mean= 0.1)  and  this  difference  is  statistically  significant.(Pv=0.0048)  .Also  according  to  the  Table 8  frequency   distribution  of  straining  to  begin  urination in  the  B  group (10%) and  in  the  A  group  (1%)   and  at  all  is  5%. This  is  clear  that  frequency  distribution  of straining  to  begin  urination  in  the B group is more and  this  is statistically  significant.(Pv=0.0224) .According  to  the  Table 1 the mean  score  of  nocturia  in   the  B group (Mean=2.12) is  more  than   A  group (Mean =1.85). This   difference   is  not    statistically significant (Pv=0.3671). Also according  to  the  table 9 frequency  distribution of  nocturia in the  B  group (41%)   and  in  the   A  group (30%) and  at  all  is  35%, this  difference  isn’t  statistically   significant  too .

In  a  survey  in  US in 1986, during  a period  of five  years , the  nocturia  was  remained  in  more  than  of  50%  of   patients  who were  undergoing  TVP  operation(14) that  these  findings  are  more  than  of  our  survey

At  all     from  7  urinary  complaints  only  was the  incomplete  voiding feeling  in  the  A  group  that  it  isn’t  significant  statistically. The  remained  of 6 urinary  complaints in  the  A  group was  less  than  compare  to  B  group  that  among  this  6 complaints only  the  two  complaints of  weak  urinary  flow  and  straining  to  begin  urination were  statistically  significant, perhaps  the  reason  was  that  this  two  complaints  are  more  specific  obstructive  complaints  for  BPH .

Table 1: Comparison of mean scores for two groups according to patients urinary symptoms(T-test applied)

Table 2: Frequency of urinary symptoms in groups A and B.

Conclusion

As  the  comparison of  two  group of  with  weight  below  and  above  50 gr that  were  been  under  open  prostatectomy    showed   no  significant  difference , therefore  it  possible that  use  open  prostatectomy  for  patients  with  prostate  weight  below 50 gr.

Suggestions

Relationship  between divers prostat weights before operation should be reviewed.

In spite of The AUA Symptom Score, URODYNAMIC studies used to evaluate postoperative patients too.

The mortality rate of open prostatectomy in these patients should be assessed

The results of open   prostatectomy are compared to with TURP surgery

The incidence of complications after open prostatectomy should review

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the  staff  of   Urology  service  in  Moradi  hospital  of  Rafsanjan  and  Mrs. Batoul  Badieh Neshin  for  kind  participation.

References

1. Garraway WM, Collins GN, Lee RJ. High prevalence of benign prostatic hypertrophy in the community. Lancet, 1991; 338: 469.

2.Ala – opasmy – Aitola PT- Evaluation of mmediate and late results of transurethral resection of the prostate- scand gurol nephrol – 1993:27(2):235-9

3.Montorsi F – Long Term clinical reliability of transurethral and open prostatectomy for Benign Prostatic obstraction – Eur – Urol 1993:23(2):262-6

4.Nicholas T. Ward, J. Kellogg Parsons, Adam W. Levinson, Herman S. Bagga, Lynda Z. Mettee, Li-Ming Su, and Christian P. Pavlovich. Prostate Cancer: Radical Prostatectomy Prostate Size Is Not Associated With Recovery of Sexual Function After Minimally Invasive Radical Prostatectomy.

5.Adam W. Levinson,  Herman S. Bagga, Christian P. Pavlovich, Lynda Z. Mettee, Nicholas T. Ward. Richard E. Link and Li-Ming SuThe Impact of Prostate Size on Urinary Quality of Life Indexes Following Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy. THE JOURNAL OF UROLOGY. 2008:179, 1818-1822.

6. ELIAS I. HSU, EUGENE K. HONG, HERBERT LEPOR INFLUENCE OF BODY WEIGHT AND PROSTATE VOLUME ON INTRAOPERATIVE, PERIOPERATIVE, AND POSTOPERATIVE OUTCOMES AFTER RADICAL RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY. UROLOGY 61 (3), 2003.601-6.

7. Stephen J. Freedland, William B. Isaacs, Elizabeth A. Platz,

Martha K. Terris,William J. Aronson, Christopher L. Amling, Joseph C. Presti Jr and

Christopher J. Kane. Prostate Size and Risk of High-Grade, Advanced Prostate Cancer and Biochemical Progression After Radical Prostatectomy: A Search Database Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology.

8. Christopher B. Anderson, Melissa R. Kaufman, Mary S. Dietrich,

Daniel A. Barocas, Sam S. Chang,  Michael S. Cookson  , Joseph A. Smith, Jr.,

Peter E. Clark  , S. Duke Herrell. Recovery of Urinary Function After Radical Prostatectomy:

Identification of Trajectory Cluster Groups. 1346-51. THE JOURNAL OF UROLOGY.  2012 .187, 1346-1351.

9. M. Gacci, R. Bartoletti,S. Figlioli,E. Sarti,B. Eisner ,V. Boddi,M. Rizzo

Urinary symptoms, quality of life and sexual function in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy before and after prostatectomy: a prospective study . 2003. 91(3) ; 196–200.

10.Elias I Hsu  , Eugene K Hong  , Herbert Lepor . Influence of body weight and prostate volume on intraoperative, perioperative, and postoperative outcomes after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology. 2003;61(3)601–606.

11. ELIAS I. HSU, EUGENE K. HONG, HERBERT LEPOR .INFLUENCE OF BODY WEIGHT AND PROSTATE VOLUME ON INTRAOPERATIVE, PERIOPERATIVE, AND POSTOPERATIVE OUTCOMES AFTER RADICAL RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY. UROLOGY , 2003;61 (3) .601-5.

12. M. Gacci, R. Bartoletti,S. Figlioli,E. Sarti,B. Eisner ,V. Boddi,M. Rizzo

Urinary symptoms, quality of life and sexual function in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy before and after prostatectomy: a prospective study . 2003. 91(3) ; 196–200.

13. Donovan JL, Frankel SJ, Nanchahal K et al. Prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. In StevensA, RafteryJ eds, Health Care Needs Assessment. Vol. 2. Oxford: Radcliffe Medical Press, 1994: 140 – 201.

14. Steiner MS, Morton RA, and Walsh PC: Impact of anatomicalradical prostatectomy on urinary continence. J Urol 145: 512–515, 1991.

Posted By:

• Masoud   Radman

Assistant professor of Otolaryngology. Rafsanjan University  of  Medical  Sciences. Rafsanjan, Iran.

• Ali Panahi

Assistant professor of Urology. Rafsanjan University  of  Medical  Sciences. Rafsanjan, Iran

• Omid rezahosseini

MD. Rafsanjan  University  of  Medical  Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran

• Hamid  Mirhoseini

Msc of Anesthesiology. Shahid  Sadoughi  of  Yazd  University  of   Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

• Reza Bidaki

Assis  prof  of  Psychiatry Rafsanjan University  of  Medical  Sciences. Rafsanjan, Iran. (Corresponding’s  author)

• Mohammad  Jamali Paghale

Assis prof of Urology Rafsanjan University  of  Medical  Sciences. Rafsanjan, Iran

How to Make a Rose Boutonniere? 28 Jul 2012 8:46 AM (12 years ago)

If you’re a flower lover and are looking around for getting a rose boutonniere, be happy knowing that making a rose boutonniere is not a tough deal at all. You simply need to have some accessories and a skilled usage of them, that’s all. By following simple instructions step by step, you will get a fruitful result. Now, come to the procedure to the point, simply have a look at the necessary tools given below in the list and go on work.

Tools for Making Rose Boutonniere:

Take a look at the list, I am sure, you must have these little cutting companions at home. For making rose boutonniere, you need:

• Rose (Choose the color you love or the one you have an access to)
• Wire Gauge
• Wire Cutter
• Floral Tape
• Boutonniere pins
• Pliers
• Flower Clippers
• Filling leaves, flowers or gems (you can add as much as you want to adore your rose boutonniere)

Now, after collecting these accessories, follow the below given instructions step by step.

Making a Rose Boutonniere:

First of all, let me tell you the fact that delicacy of making rose boutonniere and the treatment of the flower are two main things that you need to focus on. The rest of the job is extremely easy and joyous.

• Take your rose, take off the outer petals using a soft hand.  These petals are necessary to be removed as these may spoil the look of your boutonniere.
• Take a piece of floral thread and pierce it in the upper part of your rose’s stem. In fact, if you look, you’ll realize that you are creating a wire stem for your rose. This wire stem will help you in bending it and making it adjustable.
• Bend your wire like a stem with the length you need. It’s good if you keep it about 4.5”.
• Wrap the floral tape around the wire. This needs a little practice, so don’t worry if you find it tough for first time. It’s all OK. This is something that everyone faces while making a first attempt.
• Now take your filling flowers or leaves or gems. Why am I giving you these options? The choice varies from individual to individual. Some people only like to have their rose boutonniere with the green leaves; others add some color to it through ribbons or using gems. Anyhow, I’ll tell you a secret of how to use all.
• Take your ribbon and twist it. Tie the end with a wire together and bend the wire. Now wrap the tape around it and go for the next item.
• Now come to arrange these things the way it pleases you.
• You can experience the variations by replacing one item with the other before you tape them with your rose boutonniere.
• Yeah! Now come towards the final step, take a pen and spiral the wire of your rose boutonniere.
• Congratulations! You have done it.

Some Tips to Make a Perfect Rose Boutonniere:

There are few things that can help you to improve the look of your rose boutonniere. By taking care of these little things, you can definitely make a wonderful bout.

• Make sure that the rose you are using is fresh. You can check it by touching its stem at the base, if it’s getting soft; your rose is getting old. Change it!
• The wire stem should be of a maximum length of 4.5”. You must cut the extra wire. This is necessary for acquiring certain neatness.
• Before taping the wire, you can have a comfortable deal of the tape by wrapping it around a ball pen. Just stretch the tape a little bit as you go on. It will stick to your wire.
• Don’t let the wire stem of your bout to get bulky. It must look as thin as possible. Cut all the extra wires and unnecessary threads.
• If you think you can go with the single taping of all the filling items, please do. It will help you to get a good and nice looking rose boutonniere.
• Do not make your bout much before the time you need it.
• After you complete it, take a cellophane sack and keep your bout inside.
• Place it in your refrigerator at perfect temperature of 40 degrees.
• For a maximum life of your bout, you can also spray it with some products available at florist’s shop.

By: Ammarah Khan

Daughters and Society 23 Jul 2012 9:45 AM (12 years ago)

Why does a father get depressed at the news of a daughter’s addition in his family? Why does a mom long for a son when gets conceived every time? Why does a brother hesitate to accompany a sister when going outside? Look around and read more if you find such familiar questions around you. You must have heard people burying their daughters alive in the dark ages. You must have heard about Arabs of old ages losing their daughters in the game of chess. You must have heard about ignorant and uncivilized tribes marrying their daughters with their Holy Books? Have you? I am sure you must have heard.

My heart aches and my soul numbs when I see such happenings going around even in the modern age of 21^st century. I felt myself trembling at T.V news where a father is imprisoned for burying his daughter alive. I can’t stop crying as I heard more; he was reported to force the hospital administration to give a poisonous injection to his daughter. This is the death of humanity; this is a slap on the face rather on the mask of this advanced civilization.

For God’s sake, don’t take me wrong, I am not writing against the sons of mothers yet I am talking about undue privileges and favors that male members of family enjoy. I am talking about deprivations that a daughter has to face just because she is a female. I can quote here thousands of examples of social, educational, economical, cultural and sexual exploitations that our daughters become victim of. Why is this so that we are still unable to change our mind sets even when we have travelled twenty one centuries ahead than the stone ages.

I want you to ponder on my question for a moment before you read on? Why are you afraid of future of a daughter? Can bad things not happen to your son? Can those tragic incidents not come across your son? Your sons are equally vulnerable to the social evils as your daughters are. They have equal chances to live a broken marital life. They have more chances of being unemployed for longer times than those of your daughters. The professions accept females more openly than male members. Coming back to my point, this is quite possible for your son to be entrapped in those circumstances that you’re afraid, may not happen to your daughter.

I shiver at the hearing of gang wraps, sexual abuses and the cruel murders of these poor souls. Don’t think that this happened to them because they were females. You must think that this happened because your society is ignorant, uneducated and uncivilized. Is there any point that can argue against my case? I think no, there is a deep silence in response. The uneducated parents kill an innocent soul by the maltreatment of their daughter. She in return becomes a rigid woman and thinks perhaps this practice should be continued. This is why; she determines to repeat the same things to her daughter as her parents did with her.

I wonder when I come across those mothers who say their sons will share their burden and daughters may become a pain for them. For God sake! Who can foresee the future? There is not even a single and the slightest possibility that can make you think like this. Look around, peep in the foreign countries and try to figure out the true picture. You will find a girl coping with the circumstances with greater tolerance and higher acceptance. On the other hand, male chauvinism and ego make the situations worse.

I do not want to say that sons make the dark aspect of life yet I am just trying to emphasize that daughters do not deserve that much ignorance and curses that we make them prone to. The only thing that makes our daughters to undergo inferiority complex is our negative connotations that we hold about their future. This is very important to have well prosperous society that we bring our daughters up in a well groomed way and give the best mothers to this century.

By: Ammarah Khan

FUNCTIONAL THEORY 15 Jul 2012 9:39 AM (12 years ago)

Functional Theory

The functional theory perspective addresses particular issues that are useful for delineating leader behaviours for contribution to organisational efficacy. The leader’s main function is to ensure that the group’s needs are taken care of and so a good leader is someone who contributes to the group’s cohesion and effectiveness. Functional leadership has been used for team efforts as well as for broader organisational structures with auspicious results. The leader is broadly seen responsible for five major functions which are

–       monitoring the environment;

–       organising the subordinates;

–       training the subordinates;

–       serving as motivation;

–       active intervention in the group’s work as required.

How functional are the leaders in their behaviour?

The leaders are functional in their behaviours in large part except for the precept of training. Leaders motivate different employees from different backgrounds in different ways. For example, the European employees are encouraged by verbal encouragement and the South Asian employees are encouraged by cultivating a personal relationship with the leaders. The leadership actively organises teams as per cultural preferences for example in a recent major overhaul the Japanese workers were assigned the compressor while the Bangladeshi crew was assigned the turbine section. However, greater management support is required to initiate training functions because there is little support for cross cultural training. An example is the training manual for emergency evacuation from air planes which is available in English only while some members of the crew are not able to understand English effectively. If these training materials could be translated into native languages, the crews would be able to understand them better.

Transactional and Transformational Theories

The transactional leader is defined as a leader who has the power to perform particular functions as well as the power to reward and punish the group as per performance. The leader is empowered to lead the group as the group follows the leader’s lead to achieve already set goals in place of compensation. The leader has pervasive authority to evaluate, correct and train subordinates when he feels that productivity is suffering and also rewards the group when productivity aims are being met.

The transformational leader is defined as a leader who motivates the group to perform effectively. An emphasis is placed on communication to convey what the final objectives of the group are. The leader is visible and relies on an established chain of command to achieve objectives. The transformational leader is seen as the leader with a bigger vision while people around him take care of the details. This style of leadership is consistent with visions of growth and progress on a massive scale.

Are the leaders transactional or transformational in their approach?

Most leaders are transformational in their approach though a sizable faction is transactional too as they view the work relationships as temporal and dynamically changing. The constant movement of employees from one station to another mean that leaders view their relationships with subordinates as temporary. This discourages long term relationships. Although this approach is changing but management initiative through counselling sessions would accelerate the change.

Organisational Context for Leadership

An organisation is a conglomeration where various people come together to achieve well defined objectives. The design of an organisation delineates how tasks are subdivided into various sections and departments. The entire work structure is defined. As per Max Weber, the criterion for advancement in an organisation is through either merit or seniority. The employee is compensated through benefits and is protected from the undue influence of seniors higher up in the organisation. The presence of a bureaucratic structure necessitates the appointment of heads that represent authority so as to facilitate the work of the organisation.

The structure of an organisation prompts the emergence of leaders whose personal qualities as well as the situational demands (or a combination of these) bring in followers who accept the offered leadership in one or more overlay structures. There is still disagreement as to the causation behind a leader’s influence on subordinates. Some factions believe that power is the only means while others hold mere influence to be enough.

These roles and statuses are more and more under fire as the organisational structure and framework evolve in the emerging global market norms. The inclusion of cultural diversity ensures that conventionally held roles and statuses in organisations are being forced to change. Moreover, a new breed of leaders can be seen emerging whose methods are unorthodox to say the least. However, to appreciate the situation fully, an investigation of cultural diversity is necessary.

By: Ammarah Khan

Some Poems Around Us 10 Jul 2012 9:31 AM (12 years ago)

Goblin Market

Poetry is one of the most expressive moods of literature genres. A single verse can be interpreted through several means. There is no end to one’s imagination and creative spirit. A poet writes a piece of art and leaves it to its readers how do they appreciate and criticize it. Some simple verse poems are embossed with a big theme and some complex poems deal with a simple and natural theme. The poem “Goblin Market” is a simple yet allegorical poem based upon sisterly defense and evil creatures’ tactics.

Goblin Market though has been interpreted in several ways but for me it is truly a hymn in praise of a sisterly devotion. The very first advice of Lizzie to Laura forbidding her listening and searching for the goblin men is the symbolic throughout the poem. The metaphor of dove used in the poem is the supportive actor while creating the soft impact of the poem. Lizzie’s words “Their evil gifts should not charm us” are like a mother’s warning to a child who can be caught in trouble on account of her innocence.

Lizzie is like a protective shield for Laura and takes the risk of going to goblin men for saving the life of her sister. It was she who advised Laura like “Dear, you should not stay so late,” when she comes in the second part of night after enjoying her feast with the men. It was she who cradled Laura in her arms at night and comforted her for having a sound sleep. The poem offers plethora of the images which prevail Lizzie’s sisterly affection throughout the event. “Tender Lizzie could not bear” the use of very word tender repeats and emphasizes that the poem is for praising a sister’s love for another.

2- “The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point

The poem is a depiction of a black girl’s agony that suffers and is trodden down by the white men of the society. Though the whole poem is comprehensively consisted on the parts of the same thought, yet the forth stanza “I am black…………………might be trodden again to clay” is the most significant. To me it pleads and explains the suffering of the black girl who is truly a victim of racial prejudice. Her words “under the feet of the white creature” very well explain her exploited self and usage by the white creation. One of the striking features of the stanza is that this is an innocent complain to God questioning Him if He made her to be victimized and to bear the curses.

3. Because I Couldn’t Stop for Death

Emily Dickenson seems preoccupied with death and presents the same thought in one or the other way in many of poems. In “I want-it pleaded all its life” and “Because I could not stop for death”, single idea is presented and the speaker seems quite placid and pacified while going and accompanying death. It seems as Emily takes death as a very real solution and the true comforter which makes a man to rid away all his labors and works.

In the first poem, the speaker is presenter very civilized and easily gets ready to give his life in response to death’s single phrase “I want”. The speaker here is present outside the grave and seems unable to meet the death very late in life. So, it bows down and simply drives his way.

While in the second poem, the speaker is too busy that she keeps the death to wait finishing her tasks. Yet the gentle attitude of death which stood waiting for the time she finishes made the speaker to be kind and leave the work.

Here the speaker is beyond the grave and flashes back her journey in the carriage driven by the death. In both poems, death is personified and metaphor of “Eternity” is used for it which is in fact a single word idea of the poet about the death. None of the both poems death is seen hostile or as an alien element. It is presented as a very own native of the land and is taken as a soliciting factor. This is a brief comparison of two poems based on the persona having a ride to death.

By: Ammarah Khan

Love Marriages in Pakistani Society 3 Jul 2012 11:09 PM (12 years ago)

Love Marriage! Yes, it becomes a curse if you make your way in Pakistani society. You’ll have to learn how to live with a continuous passive indignity. Your children will be taunted if it’s a court marriage. Here, people talk about the development and the modernism, I don’t disagree with the fact and notion that Pakistani culture has evolved and its people have traveled some decades towards modernism. Yet, I dare to say that the internal depression and mental sickness of Pakistani society has overwhelmed its positive, polished features of modernism.

Let’s be open and share our individual experiences about common arranged and love marriages experiences. If you look around, you’ll find individuals sacrificing, compromising, complaining, cursing and grumbling on this unmatched relationship. You’ll also come across many house wives who keep themselves busy in house chores, tend their babies, manage their politics against in laws and then declare it an outcome of fate. They keep their focus on the things going around and how to rebut them. On the other hand, you’ll find husbands around who’d love to stay outside late nights and come to home only for showing their presence.

The male folk of our arranged marriage circle keeps on seeking one or another way to find a midway to drive satisfaction. He claims that his wife is an ideal house woman but still she is unable to bring mental pleasure to him. He doesn’t deny the services provided by her wife yet he is equally consistent on the fact that he has a complete right to seek some solace. Contradiction! Yes, this is. You’ll never find a husband admiring his wife openly. You’ll never come across such a wife who appreciates and shows respect in the absence of her spouse.

Keeping this typical hypocrisy in mind, I want you to turn towards love marriage trends in Pakistani society. Not before than a decade it was very common to hear about a roaring fuss in a family if a youngster wishes to marry against the wish of his parents. Here, I am talking about a male youngster, I can’t imagine a female youngster rebelling his father and brothers. If I have heard any such exceptional case where a girl goes against the parents’ wish, I have found the outcome entirely terrible and unbelievable. There was a list of great deprivations that the poor soul had to suffer with.

There was no acceptance for the love marriages no matters what sort of hypocrisy was very evident in case of arrange marriages. Here I am not arguing that the arrange marriages are failure or love marriages are more successful than the arranged ones. I am only talking about the social trends and the issues that love birds have to face if they are courageous enough to say no to the imposed relations. Pls be reminded my very word courageous does not mean that I am saluting them, I am just showing you a picture.

Now, sometimes, it happens that boy’s family openly accepts their son’s choice and welcomes their daughter in law. But these are very few cases and can be counted on the tips. Yes, this is very often that the family finds no other option and feels a strong fear to lose their son and says yes reluctantly. Here, the girl has to suffer and to make a compromise on her own individual identity. She has to face the music loudly. One thing is ultimate, she was the unwanted daughter of home and will be till her progeny grows up and the situation changes.

Here the tragedy is doubled. The guy is obliged and thankful to his parents and can’t think that his wife will be so ungrateful and disrespectful that she utters some complaining remarks. He is totally indifferent of what is going under his nose. Now, he is free from these pretty things as he thinks that he has many other great issues to deal outside the home premises. The girl has to face the loss of self dignity and self respect. She has to live on the told patterns. There is no way to get out of it. Once, it’s chosen now it’ll be forever.

This was the brief description and a slight comparison of the two kinds of marriages in Pakistani society. Though these issues seem trivial, yet this is open exploitation of individuals. The ultimate end is that love marriages end up and become a failure. The expectations melt and the promises are broken. The trust is dissolved and the dreams become nightmares

Here I leave my article open ended, leave your opinion, what do you say should be done to bring a positive change in society in regard of accepting love marriages.

By: Ammarah Khan

Incident Management in General Motors 15 Jun 2012 5:50 AM (12 years ago)

Business is like a wind which can bring the fast storm or can please you with it smooth and cool effects. The difference is that wind cannot be controlled while you can manage your business. It all lays upon your management abilities how you prick your business to the height or how your management becomes a cause of bringing it down. In companies’ business it depends upon the people hired and appointed for the managing tasks. The management of a company in the market is a tough task no doubt but it becomes tougher when a sudden crisis or downfall starts. Here comes a tough time for keeping one’s company to face as minimum loss as possible.

This is a very critical situation and a single minor mistake committed at this time can become the reason of making you defaulter. The best of the management principles here is to save the maximum financial loss. This is the one of the best business management techniques which seems as the supporting pillar in more or less every type of business.

When talking about the response of General Motors, one can find an amalgamation strategy based upon mixture of some right and wrong decisions. The aspects which took the crisis to the worst were that the company didn’t bring the sticker price low even in the time when extremely high sales rate was needed. This goes against the above mentioned management rules. The board of directors must have taken the notice of the reason and the way to promote the instant sales. The high sticker price kept the car lovers away from the GM products and the result was the high market of GM’s competitors. Though the same policy benefitted the company a lot when these were the days of progress yet in the power recession period, the necessity was the promotions of sales which could have increased the growth.

One of the good strategies adopted by GM was reasonable compromise on the engineering techniques and the attaining way of parts all around the world. This helped GM a lot for continuing its survival and saving billions of dollars. One of the examples is the trimming of Hummer V3 which brought high sales later on. This trimming gave 6 inches increase in width and became as demanded by the customer.

Another good trick which was implemented and brought sufficient benefit was the decision to send employees on early retirement. Such a strategy is appreciated in the worst business times of a company and GM seemed right here to take this decision because the closing of five plants in a year made it difficult for the company to adjust its number of employees working over there. With the early retirement, GM did not recruit any new worker which did not increase the burden on the budget rather lessened it. This step saved the GM’s from going in utter disaster and helped the company to fill in the gaps of the deficits which was the reason of it being bankrupted.

Generally it is advisable in a business to take off the bonuses or revise the relaxation policies in the time of bad days. GM realized though quite later that it was very dangerous for it to lose billions of dollars on medical policies every year. So, the company took a decision to revise the medical policy with which it was able to save some of the drastic outgoing money.

After having an analysis of what a company should do in the time of crises and what GM did in comparison, one come to know that in good times of one’s business, one must not go for making of such policies which may not be helpful in bad times.

Business Impact Analysis

The mind sets and the philosophy of a company is the basic milestone upon which the company’s business rests. The worst of the worst happens when a company is not ready to bring the change or a revision in the time of crises and sticks to the firm made principals. This has brought disasters to very well established companies of the world. One of the rules among the good management is the mental agility necessarily found in the attitude of the policy makers. This agility enables the company to change the nature of the policies as per to demand of the time.

It was predicted in the international market that the competitors of the company is going to give tough times to GM. Toyota a Japanese automaker launched new models with the designs demanded by the public in the market and won a greater part of the sales. GM stuck to the old models and did not bring any innovation in the structured design. This made the company to enter in the whirlpool of the tough times. It did not listen to the voice of the new generation which wanted new funky and cool bodies within the budget.

It must have brought something new along with its old long bodied models. The old mindsets of the old people did not let the new blood to bring the things of the modern time in the design. It kept on emphasizing the strong body structure and did not give any importance to the increased sale of their competitors which won the hearts of the customers through the light and smart cars. This made GM to face a big failure in the business and the result was that it lost its market’s major part.

It did not keep head in senses while making big deals with the foreign companies and did suffer a great loss. It made GM to pay heavy plenty when FIAT implemented the condition and forced GM to buy its remaining shares which was a written part of the deal. The business analysis reveals that a company must accept only those conditions upon which it can have implementation if they come across. GM board of the directors might have never thought that the big deal could bring the worst nightmare in its history of the business and could make it very close to the bankruptcy.

The most important factor which involved was the ignorance of the voice of the market by the company. It did not learn anything from the previously crises which many times brought the company down in the market. The best of the business is not to repeat the mistakes. Market is never your father’s home and never lets you to have plenty of time of repeating errors and finally getting corrected. It is like do or die, either you are in the market or you are out is the simple principle of the market and those who fail to fulfill it become a victim as GM exactly presented.

A great number of GM lovers were disappointed at the not changing slogan of the company’s policy. Brokenheartedly they shifted their interest to the “wanted ones”. GM could never have been able to bring this majority back to its platform. This was a mistake of a moment which made GM to suffer for a whole decade.

GM case is very symbolic when having a business analysis; it shows how one’s strategic plans bring profits at one time and the disaster at the other time. The policies remain the same, only the time changes which demands a change of attitude.

By: Ammarah Khan

Cultural Diversity in the Workplace 15 Jun 2012 5:35 AM (12 years ago)

With increasing globalisation, quite a few businesses have forayed into newer territory to capture newer market audiences. This has led to the need for better understanding of the new consumers gained by the company so as to optimise business practices and profit. Most organisations have turned to hiring locals in order to facilitate business in newer markets as locals understand the market better in cultural perspectives and are thus more easily able to relate to consumer demands.

Research has also suggested that companies that are using diversity as a tool are experiencing improved employee satisfaction, productivity and retention potential. This enhances the overall inclusion of the company and aids the business case of creating and managing diversity. Businesses that are utilising these benefits can be seen expanding into newer markets with ease. Cultural diversity can be seen to encompass the division of gender, race, age, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion and the like.

Benefits Associated with Cultural Diversity

Traditionally cultural diversity can be seen to benefit organisations and its members alike. Decision making skills improve as boosts in creativity and innovation are realised. Often product development is enhanced as is the marketing which is aided by the presence of locals who understand marketing better as they can relate to the market more than outsiders. Moreover, the recognition of diversity in itself within organisations aids in linking up various forms of talent. Another positive effect of recognising diversity is that employees feel a greater sense of belonging which aids in enhancing their commitment as well as productive efforts to drive the organisation.

As outlined before, cultural diversity enables organisations to be able to compete within global markets. The real reason behind the success of multi cultural organisations is the precept of effective communication. So as long as communication is impeccable, the business impact will always be positive. However, as people from various cultural backgrounds tend to perceive messages a little differently from each other so effective two way communication is often essential to ensuring that organisational functions are efficiently executed. It must be realised that managing diversity is not merely about preventing discrimination and enhancing equality across the board. Instead cultural diversity is also composed of valuing differences in cultures and inclusion which encompasses the issues of ethnicity, race, culture, age, physical condition, religion and other similar precepts.

Another significant development is highlighted by Scott Page’s research on team diversity based on mathematical modelling. The models developed and evaluated during research proved that heterogeneous teams consistently performed better than homogenous teams on a number of varied tasks. However, the researcher has also pointed out that the management of diversity is not a simple proposition.

The leaders are employing the workforce for conventional roles alone while the workforce could be used to perform more creative roles based on differences in their backgrounds. The workforce’s true potential is not being fully realised. The sales and marketing staff has not been deployed according to their nationalities or cultural backgrounds. Some employees from the Middle East have been placed in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to handle marketing which is not producing results. The organisation needs to place people from the same cultural backgrounds to reap better results.

Challenges Associated with Cultural Diversity

While cultural diversity serves important benefits to an organisation, it presents some unique challenges too. Generally the management of companies relying on cultural diversity must utilise diversity as an effective tool to enhance worker productivity. There remain chances that differences due to diversity might provoke practices that would hurt business interest.

It must be kept in mind that challenging diverse workforces is not merely about acknowledging and resolving differences amongst people. Much research has been employed into investigating why it is hard to manage diverse workforces. One of the largest challenges presented in managing a diverse workforce is the issue of miscommunication within the organisation. One thing remains highly clear that no two people are capable of interpreting a message in the exact way because no two people have been fashioned through a combination of the exact same experiences. This is all the more manifest when native and non-native speakers are exposed to the same message. Often there are slight differences in the meaning associated.

Based on these understandings, all culturally diverse organisations can be better understood if viewed as low context cultures.

Another major issue of contention within diverse work environments is the problem of cultural bias. Often the precepts of prejudice and discrimination encompass cultural bias. Prejudice espouses all the negative attitudes that are displayed towards a member of the organisation based on his identity as a distinct cultural manifestation. On the other hand, discrimination espouses all kinds of behaviour that adversely affects a member of a distinct cultural group for the same reasons as behind prejudice.

Culturally diverse work environments often represent a major challenge to workers in the form of assimilation into the dominant culture present within the organisation. Often workers lose their self cultivated images in an effort to fit into the organisation. This leads to diversion of energy to fitting in which hampers productivity in other sectors. Overall the assimilation phenomenon forces organisational productivity to go down as individual productivity suffers .

In terms of the major challenges faced by the leaders, how effective are the leaders in dealing with them? What approach are the leaders using to deal with the problems?

The leaders are effective in dealing with interpersonal problems to a great extent. The work environment has been figured out to avoid problems altogether. This is being achieved largely by associating people with common cultural backgrounds together in teams. However, this results in managing conflict alone and the positive effects of diversity and inclusion are not really appreciated. If employees could be encouraged to work together, then the positive aspects of cultural diversity can be assimilated.

By:Ammarah Khan

Top Secrets to Find Time Alone as a Divorced Single Mother 10 Jun 2012 4:54 AM (12 years ago)

The transition from married life, life is a challenge, divorced. For a time, so much is different when you set a routine ninth. It can be uncomfortable, but can also be an interesting point, if you in the selection.

It is not to complain for a recently divorced mother’s unusual is that he “alone time.” You can have time for yourself, just to create.

And the work, yes!

Face it, is not the life for you handed on a silver platter. As a recently divorced, I had pulled the sole custody of my daughter and my ex after the coup. Without family in the area and my daughter was a preschool, I was pretty creative with getting some alone time in more specific tasks, such as a trip to the hairdresser.

If you want all you need to create a pro-active. Let me give you some advice.

One of the first items on my list was to make time for exercise. It was a bit challenging because I did not leave a preschool was at home alone. The last thing I wanted was to not get in the day care when I worked all day on a drop zone in a gym childcare.

I decided to buy my band bought exercises, weight and possibly even on a stationary bicycle. We would come home I would get a snack and put on your favorite TV show … Thank you Barney! For 30 minutes, I could perform on my bike lane or on the evening routine. It worked so well for us … Downtime they enjoyed it, with kids all day and watch their beloved Barney.

Second, we have decided to expand my network with other mothers, so we take advantage of the time on the game when my daughter was with her friends. I was surprised to see how other mothers to take any game where my daughter to understand, so I can get a hair appointment or just a nice massage.

For parents who once wanted an evening, I would take their children for one night.

This worked well for me when my job required traveling time to these parents could take my daughter on those few nights.

I think my time was the most beloved only in these early years, Saturday or Sunday morning. I woke up at the same time, weekends, and would be happy just to hear a cup of coffee, birds chirping in the morning and only with me.

Now that the sessions to do a simple calculator on the web have been around for over 15 years, Internet dating just about the many challenges of online dating was to speak. As Internet sites into the mainstream of modern single, how to meet guys and girls to marry and court, and new challenges moving date, concerns were raised that were not present cyber dating in the early days of the net.

With the single so much more with computer profiles on dating online dating site, shall be a complaint under the modern computer dating simply a lack of integrity in the world of online dating.

There are many nuances to the issue of integrity from possible inadequate habits when it comes to Internet dating.

Some Christian denominations such as Latter-day Saints (LDS) (also known as Mormons), Christians have a policy for all their individual events, single adults who are not easy, either because they can, in fact, , by decree, and the unique point of view. They require that all divorces are ready to take your adult individual events, conferences and workshops. I think this makes for a very good and very clear policy. I admire.

However, I do not know that some go to socialize and just start to dip – Toe-back-in-the-dating-pool water and initial testing of dust on their social skills in non-coffee. They do not call data, even if two of them agree in advance and arrange to meet for coffee and buy Mr. Coffee for the lady.

The only thing I can not follow, of course, if someone in the midst of divorce, and they lie about others and tell them that they are unique in the fact if they are natural. They are still married.

Some women, especially the man immediately strike their list, and mark them as “Cheaters”. As long as all behavior is caste, there is no “wrong”. It may lie, however. And it is the party cannot agree with tolerate or respect. It can never be a good and solid relationship in marriage on the foundation of a head of you both openly and deliberately lie to deceive another to be built. What kind of marriage could possibly be?

Simple, modern could be connected with social intentions, share a glass of wine occasionally after work or a coffee on a Saturday afternoon. It’s a pretty wide open for pre-social dating divorced people. It is not that social life should be free and dry.

In the discussion of all the behaviors and habits of today’s meeting, it is easy Sene a high proportion of simple and modern adults who are divorced and dating back to back. Now, divorced women single view, many of them their names and thought back to her maiden name. And some do not believe that back under her maiden name until they are with their girlfriends over a glass of wine and imbibbing G & T outside of their area monthly Girls Night and friend suddenly pipes and she says: “You go back to take her maiden name ! ”

My friend speaks only really more like a statement of fact, it begins to notice. She did not really like a question for you. And maybe a glass of Merlot is now second. They respond to back it says, and collected as your posse BFFs: “Sure, I take back my maiden name!”

And then later, back home, like you to look in the mirror in the bathroom, under make-up, you will find a number of wrinkles around the eyes, how to self-reflect in the mirror, as your mirror brush and floss teeth … “I really want to take back my maiden name of my marriage I have so many years …?”

How long did it take to keep the marriage?

How long have you two married? How long do you have your husband’s last name, your name now used ex-husband in the past? If you were married only a short time, then you could really feel that your married name has become part of your identity. If you stay longer than five years, were married 10 years, 15 years or over 20 years, plus, your name has been married many times that you used for a long time. Her married name became a part of your identity. They divorced, you can never be alone.

Do you have children go out of your marriage?

Do your ex-husband and have children together? You name your children with ex-husband of the past? For divorced women single, divorced, now single mothers, are often to have children, that the name of one of the elements taken into serious account of the considerations is back with a last name change maiden name. How old are your children? Are teenagers and young adults? If a lot of friends at school they ask and grill them about what a different last name than her mother, if you take back her maiden name?

By: Taha Mateen.

Leadership In Organizations 10 Jun 2012 4:11 AM (12 years ago)

Research Settings

The research was conducted at the major bases of operation where a range of foreign workers were available including pilots, air hostesses, technical personnel, ground crew as well as consultants. The range of nationalities was huge and included people largely from Far East Asia, Western Europe, South Asia, China and North Africa. People from South America, Eastern Europe and Russia were absent as the airline does not service these locations. Moreover, there were no employees from the Middle East as the region provides poor recruitment opportunities for the airline. Given the diversity available, it can be safely assumed that research could be carried out with satisfactory precision.

Traditional Leadership in Organisations

Leadership can be described as the combined processes of social influence through which once can recruit the support of others to achieve common goals. Traditionally leadership has moved from more authoritarian styles to ones that encourage participation in order to achieve common objectives. Various theories have been involved to delineate leadership which are dependent on a number of factors. The most common factors include traits, function, vision, situational interaction, behaviour, values, power, intelligence and charisma as well as others.

The perspectives on evaluating effective leadership have emerged as far back as Plato’s age where leadership was seen composed of personal traits above anything else. This view prevailed largely till it was replaced well after the nineteenth century as the behavioural and style based theories took centre stage. These styles emerged as the trait based approach was heavily criticised and a careful observation of various “successful” leaders was carried out. Various schools of thought emerged and these are discussed below briefly to enhance understanding.

Positive Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement is centred on the provision of a positive stimulus to certain behaviour. This enhances the likelihood of such behaviour in the future too. Over the years, positive reinforcement has been employed successfully at large business establishments such as Frito-Lay, 3M, Goodrich, Michigan Bell, Emery Air etc. and this has led to improvements in productivity. Empirical research in the last two decades has hinted that positive reinforcement is responsible for around 17% increases in performance where applied. Often the methods used are inexpensive such as praising employees so this results in performance increases at low costs.

Are the leaders positively reinforcing their employees?

Nearly all the leaders are positively reinforcing their employees using appropriate rewards. The labour is positively reinforced through incentives such as verbal encouragement, line staff and maintenance staff is encouraged by giving them cheap food and lodging. The management is being positively reinforced through cash bonuses as well as free air tickets subject to their supervisor’s recommendations.

Situational and Contingency Theories

Some theorists believe that varying circumstances tend to produce leaders with varying capabilities and traits. For example, a situation of crisis will give rise to an authoritarian leader while a situation of consensus building will breed a democratic leader. This ideology has progressed over the years to espouse various theories namely being the Fiedler contingency model, Vroom-Yetton decision model, the path goal theory and the Hersey-Blanchard situational theory.

According to Fiedler, leaders could be relationship oriented or task oriented where the relationship oriented leaders performed best in intermediately favourable situations while the task oriented leaders fared best in highly favourable or unfavourable environments.

The Vroom-Yetton decision model was based on taxonomy for various leadership situations through which normative decisions were arrived at. Various leadership styles were expressed through situational variables that helped to define what approach was better to the situation at hand. This model was also known as the situational contingency theory.

The path goal theory espouses four different kinds of leaders as the achievement oriented, directive, participative and supportive. Their behaviours are contingent and depend on environmental factors as well as follower’s characteristics. The models are seen as fluid and can be adopted by anyone in any situation depending on the requirements of the situation.

The situational theory of Hersey and Blanchard relies on four differing leadership styles that are dependent on four different kinds of followers. For effective leadership, the model holds that the leadership style must be well synchronised with the fitting level of follower expectations. This model makes leadership a function of the leader’s behaviour as well as the behaviour of the followers.

The leaders in general are quick to adapt to new situations such as the transfer of new employees, the emergence of a new set of consultants etc. The leaders adapt to various responses by the labour effectively for example a recent labour strike by multicultural maintenance workforce was dealt with authoritatively and when the labour leaders realised a weak position they backed off. Similarly, the previous Managing Director was removed by widespread strikes by pilots, captains and air crew strikes. The participants were cross cultural and their leaders were quick to adapt to pressure by the government.

By: Ammarah Khan

Some Brain Supplements 9 Jun 2012 3:15 AM (12 years ago)

Sertraline Brings Certain Side Effects

Sertaline, an antidepressant is used for treating severe mental disorders including depression. Like all other drugs of its groups, Sertaline causes certain side effects. These effects create a problem when the ratio of these side effects increases as compared to the benefits one can get using the drug. One and the biggest side effect, almost reported by every Sertaline user is nausea. Patients using Sertaline may often complain a prevailing nausea; this is very common and often accompanied by a strong dizziness.

Many patients using Sertaline also face a problem of low appetite followed by rapid weight loss. Associated with the diet and balance, patients also suffer other issues like stomach upset, diarrhea and an increased sweating. So, as a result the patient feels weakness and often finds him quite unable to get involved in healthy physical activities.

Sertaline also affects a person’s sexual approach and attitude. Users of the drug may show a disinterested sexual attitude or may suffer with late ejaculation. The intensity of this unwillingness varies from person to person.

Muscle Cramps is another negative effect of Sertaline that make patients to feel an unusual fatigue and weakness. This weakness and fatigue make a person look tired and bit lazy as well. Many patients also undergo a tremor accompanying grip issues. The effect of shaking deprives a person to involve even in common day-to-day chores.

One among other major side effects of Sertaline is passing black or bloody stool. In this condition, patient may also suffer with unusual constipation and other digestion issues. Those who face bloody stools also complain excessive vomits.

Some Severe Side Effects

A rare but very severe side effect of Sertaline is Serotonin Syndrome. In this syndrome, patient exhibits frequent mental disorder symptoms. These symptoms include hallucination, a lack of coordination, unusual restlessness, sever vomiting, very fast heartbeat and ever accompanying dizziness. This is an alarming condition and the continuity of the drug should be decided by consulting doctor.

Other rare yet severe side effects include long lasting erection in males and strong allergic reaction; more vulnerable parts to this reaction are tongue, face and throat. There are also some persons who do not face any of these side effects, anyhow the nature of these effects and developed severe conditions vary from person to person.

What is Procera AVH?

Procera AVH is a brain supplement which is specially made for the person who has weak memory, has focus problem and has mental fatigue. It does not have any side effects like other toxins do have. So, it can be used very confidently.

You can make your own judgment after reading the facts below stated in review.

Why Procera AVH is Special?

Procera AVH is non prescription brain power supplement which is made of natural ingredients. It is reliable unlike other brain supplements found in the market. Procera AVH has a lot of research and scientific testing to its back up.

It’s developed by Josh Reynolds, a clinical research scientist and bestselling author and Robert Heller MD. Reynolds studied over 1.4 million human brains, and researched 1000’s of natural ingredients. The pair has worked with top neuroscientists, neurosurgeons, neurologists and cognitive psychologists from prestigious research universities and medical schools.

How Does Procera AVH Work?

The real problem with the brain starts with the aging. You get aged; you brain starts losing its capability. A human brain is made of neurotransmitters which are responsible of retaining things, controlling moods and finding specific reactions to stimuli. When brain loses the capability of performing its function; in other words neurotransmitters get start degenerating.

Procera AVH increases the blood flow to the brain which in turn supplies greater amount of oxygen to it and thus working for the improved functions of neurotransmitters.

What is the Evidence Behind Procera AVH?

Procera AVH has been tested in Science Laboratories in Australia for leading and clinical site. In the laboratory both products were tested; the natural and the pharmaceutical to know which one bring the best results.

It was clinically shown that Procera AVH helps to show the best results of all cognitive problems. No other brain supplement did have such evidence. Even the product was scrutinized for its efficacy and it was found that it did not bring any serious side effect.

What Does Public Say About it?

The customers are very happy after using it and all good is reported. They do not find any side effect which they suffered with. They liked the following things about the product:

• It’s almost like being reborn again!
• Procera has really boosted my mental focus and memory and my ability to multi-task…
• It has also helped me remember important information better…
• It’s making a huge difference in my ability to be sharp and focused…
• Procera AVH gave me back the focus, clarity and energy that I needed…

Refund Policy:

You can use the product quite confidently as it comes with 90 days 100% money back guarantee. The only thing you need to pay is shipping and handling which is minimal.

Complaints:

Till now I did not come across any of the complaints yet one person who reported that he had mild stomach upset after its use. Later on he confessed that it was because he took it with empty stomach.

How to Buy Procera AVH?

This is very simple to purchase. You can place an order for Procera AVH on the official website and the product will be sent away to your home.

By: Ammarah Khan

Concentrate on Communication in Co-parenting 9 Jun 2012 3:10 AM (12 years ago)

1. 1. Communication Plays Significant Role!

Communication! Yes, it does wonders in co-parenting relationships. You must have come across various couples getting angry at their partners. As per an estimation of a survey conducted for the reasons of failures of Couples’ married life, a major factor is the absence of communication between two partners.  This is very important to know what communication is. It does not mean that you always keep busy in romance with your partner; this can be a normal discourse about common things. The presence of a healthy discourse is much necessary to keep parents united. It gives a better chance to your partner to understand your approach and feeling towards common issues of life.

1. 2. Be Expressive!

Expressions are to take out instead of keeping them in your heart. Don’t hesitate telling your partner if you ever feel regret on what you did or even you are ready to apologize for that. I must consider that it can be your partner committing faults, then in that case, accept him if he ever comes back to you with tears in his eyes. Greet him with open arms instead of opening a Pandora box of deadening past. You must remember human beings are not born on angelic instincts, we all commit blunders in one or other part of our life.

1. 3. Keep Your Communication Regular

Far off communication can enhance the complexity of situation or can deprive you the informal conversation. A continuous and regular communication can bring you close to your partner or at least can remind him of your presence. This is important to keep your presence alive. At least, you get successful in taking your time from your partner. More time you spend in conversation, a longer effect it will have! If you are successful in keeping a regular track of your communication with addition of pleasant things, you can keep your fingers crossed.

1. A Polite Tone Is A Must For Communication In Co-parenting

If you always wonder what takes your partner disinterested during a conversation, consider your tone. Are you a harsh speaker? Do you get furious on trivial issues and start shouting on telephone? Are you a humorless Complainer? Are you too suspicious and always open an inquiry? Is your partner tired of giving you justifications?  Consider all these things in your free time. This list is not to add to your worries. This is a simple diagnosis that can make your conversation an interested and engaged one for your listener.

1. 5. Have Patience To Assure A Two Way Communication

This is very natural; when you’re angry, you want your catharsis. This is your right but you must be patient doing that. Often we make things complex in our fury. You must give an equal opportunity to your partner to clarify things. This is the best way that you can have an insight of your partner’s thoughts. I don’t say that you are always guilty but you must consider that sometimes it may be you making things wrong. So, you must tolerate the conversation, no matters how unpleasant it becomes. Think, if you don’t give a chance to your partner to clarify his position, you’ll never know the truth behind.

1. 6. Add Little Pleasing Things About Your Child

Children are the great temptation for every parent. And you have a strong weapon to get your partner back to you. I do not suggest begging his love for the children; you can do it in a hidden way.  Always try to add little things associated with your child, it may be about her learning new things or missing the old ones. This is a natural urge of every father or mother to listen and love the child’s acquisition, one can’t keep one’s heart as hard as stone for one’s kid. Try to depict the things in a pleasant way even in the worst situation; it can help you getting your way back.

1. 7. Talk About Your Children’s Future

Children are fair angelic creations who can keep their parents united. If you’re a dad, bring your children’s mom realize that she is an important element of her kids’ lives. If you’re a mom, remind your kids’ father, he is much important for them and for you as well. Build a focused communication involving plans about your children future. Build your dreams and let your partner know, future can be better than today. Naturally, every father and mother becomes ready to sacrifice when dreaming of a bright future for their children. It can help you get your partner back.

1. Share Good Old Days

Sharing in communication is much important for a strong and developed co-parenting relationship. You must have spent some memorable past with your partner. When you are separated or going on the track of separation, these good old days serve as a reservoir and can drive pleasure to you. You can still have the same time if you are willing. Share the good deals of those days with your partner.  Remind him a happy time you lived together. Express your love for that time and involve your partner doing so. This can provide tons of comfort and solace to both of you in the clouds of despair and dismay.

1. 9. Give Respect And Take It!

In co-parenting relationship, this is much important to show your respect for your partner. The moment your partner realizes that you’re getting rude to him; he’ll start taking you for granted. Don’t give him a chance to spoil the pleasure of conversation. Obviously, nobody likes to get insulted in response to a friendly call. It’s better to wait for the time he turns to you and starts the issue by him. Try to make your conversation a friendly but respectful. Shouting or insulting has never solved any issue. Also, keep the impact in your mind that your conversation can leave on your children about their father’s portrait.

10. Clear Your Position In A Sensible Way

If you find that your partner is misguided or has misunderstood something about you, clarify your position. This is much important in co-parenting relationship to develop a strong trust. Anyhow, there comes time when one feels led by the circumstances to reach at a wrong conclusion. Don’t think it against your dignity to give justifications for what you have not done. Try to understand the fact if a single word from you saves your repute, there is no harm saying it. Fate is a secondary element involved in your life; this is you at primary position affecting your relationship with your decisive communication.

By: Ammarah Khan

Where to Get MCITP Training? 29 May 2012 5:14 AM (12 years ago)

Microsoft Certification IT Professional Training enables and certifies a person in the field of IT. To get MCITP Training is a dream of every professional and student. To grab such position one needs just a little effort. It is a showcase of person’s talent and abilities and shows to what level one can perform Microsoft operations and how one can manage the related concerns. MCITP Training certifies a person that he has potential of dealing with Microsoft functions. In today’s world the demand of such professionals is very high and the business world literally hunts for such people.

Companies prefer those individuals who can maintain, manage and troubleshoot Microsoft products. Microsoft launched this wonderful program so that you can show you skills in Microsoft operations. There are multiple career options for one to go in after completing MCITP Training and becoming a certified person of it. Once you complete it, you can perform as Database or Enterprise Massaging administrator after getting Microsoft credentials. These credentials created by Microsoft help a lot in business. It opens new opportunities and polish one’s potential and helps to improve his abilities and skills. Reputed organizations in china, Japan, Europe and Dubai accommodate MCITP and offer handsome salaries.

When looking at the question from where to get MCITP Training? The best and the most successful way is to get registered online. There is plethora of online sites which offer online MCITP Training courses. These courses do have online lectures, videos and audio clips are helpful. The onsite trainers have true knowledge and complete grip over the concepts. These sites do offer sample practice papers. The practice questions resemble with the real test and are very helpful for preparation. These give the real idea of what the test will like and how will it be dealt. The trainer’s given lectures are very to the point and one does not need to get worried about the noting down of them as MCITP Training notes are available on these sites and can be downloaded very easily. If one takes the sample questions like he is attempting a real test, it is very beneficial and removes the mental stress and a person has no psychological fear of the unknown questions.

The online training courses are complete package and are a short way to get sure success in the MCITP certification. The real and genuine material is provided on these sites and you need not worry about its authenticity.

MCITP Training books are also available in the market which is composed by highly professional people. These books are divided in chapters and chapters are subdivided into topics. These topics are easy to be memorized and each chapter ends with the sample test. These tests are solved for the self assessment. These books do have CD’s along with and are available at economic cost and are very affordable. Getting MCITP certification is a sure way to secure high post in the business world. It is a need of time to be successful.

Maximize Your Score with MCITP Training

Microsoft has been creating a series of certifications since last many decades. These certifications are a measure of a person’s Microsoft abilities and skills of managing administration and related operations. One of these certifications is Microsoft Certification IT Professional abbreviated as MCITP. MCITP is a direct scale of knowing one’s skills of knowing Microsoft expertise.

In today’s business world one cannot survive without passing certification exams. These certifications are a sign and symbol of a person’s IT skills and professional knowledge. The demand of such people is really high who come with the certified programs and exhibit true knowledge of their skills.

Gone are the days when getting a job in IT sector was a child’s play. Today the situation is quite reverse. It has been an age of competition and a hassle is found everywhere. Not even a single chance of committing a mistake is given to anyone working in a reputable company. All business is becoming closed up in the computerized Microsoft files and a person’s real skill is to manage the file structure and helping company to increase its business. This is simply not possible without passing a certification exam.

Even the value of a person increases who has greater number of certifications and does have certification among the programs which are highly demanded. MCITP is one of these programs. The score level of a professional becomes incredibly high when he passes MCITP exam and he surely gets an unbelievable increase in salary. Candidates who go for MCITP exam foe server administrator 2008 can choose from the two tracks. One is MCITP: Server Administrator and the other is MCITP: Server Enterprise. Server Enterprise is the most advanced and is more demanded as compared to the former.

There are certain requirements for passing the two tracks. Each track has a series of exams which is necessary to be passed out by a candidate. For passing Server Administrator Exam one needs to pass three exams. Among them two are Microsoft Technology Specialist exams and one is Professional Series exam. The details can be listed as:

Required Exams

• Exam 70-640/83-640 (earns MCTS: Windows Server 2008 Active Directory Configuration)
• Exam 70-640 (earns MCTS: Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration)

While professional Series exam has:

• Exam 70-640: Pro: Windows Server 2008, Server Administrator

MCITP: Enterprise Administrator Certification:

To earn the MCITP: Enterprise Administrator certification, you must pass five exams: four Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) exams and one Professional Series exam.

By: Ammarah Khan

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 28 May 2012 10:54 AM (12 years ago)

Before going in the deep details of dynamic mechanical system, let me take the space to explain what dynamic mechanical analysis is. You must have heard about the testing response of material to the outside stimulus. In this analysis a deformation is exposed to the material where its response and resistance to the stimulus is studied. This deformation can repeated on the same sample in a cyclic manner. These stimuli can be temperature, frequency, heat and stress as well.

When we need to test a sample commonly termed as geometry, we observe too much extent the surface will absorb the energy and heat. In damping, it is studied how the heat absorption is studied under the cyclic load.

Stress and strain ratio is a central fact in the dynamic mechanics around which the other things take place. Polymers do have viscoelastic properties which according to the classical theory brings the properties of elastic solids. This means that the polymer exhibits both the solid and the liquid properties when the stress response is independent of the strain rate. The theory describes the elastic properties of solid and reveals that the elastic bodies stress is directly proportional to the strain applied. The stress and the strain value and their relationship are studied in the dynamic mechanical analysis.

When a polymer is studied for its liquid and solid like behavior; it’s given a sinusoidal force or you may call it a stress, the response of this stress is the resultant strain of the polymer which is then measured.  Now here the polymers are categorized as per their behavior. Perfect elastic solids have the constant stress and the strain phase; the result is always the same. Bodies which are purely viscous, have 90 percent phase lag. Viscoelastic polymers do not give the same results; thus their properties lie in between. You can neither have the same stress and strain phase nor will you get 90 percent phase lag of strain as in liquids or fluids rather you will get the results in between. Thus, here this is important to calculate the phase lag.

For stress

ε = ε₀sin(tω) for strain

Oscillating Mechanical System

Oscillation is the system of a mass attached to a spring, the spring is linear. Oscillating mechanical system builds up important kingdom of the engineering regime. Oscillation has brought the resonance disasters in many buildings, so the prime concern of the oscillating mechanical system is to avoid these resonance disasters in the construction of every building.

The disaster comes when the mechanical system starts absorbing more energy when its frequency is matched to any other system’s natural frequency of vibration. For example you must have observed a mechanism in the parade of the soldiers when going on a bridge. The soldiers parade frequency if matches with the vibration of the bridge oscillation; there is a serious danger by having an increase in the amplitude. The same principal is enjoyed by the child taking a swing.

Now mechanical resonance is the study of the matching frequency of the vibration of the two systems. When the energy absorbed by as a result of the matching frequency, the resonance disaster takes place. Here comes the role of the engineers who for taking a precaution recommend the installation of shock mounts which on the detection of any matched frequency dissipate the absorbed energy and hence a system is maintained.

What happens in an earthquake, a building is oscillated as a result of the matched frequency of the ground motion. The danger is of the extreme in the seismic zone where the buildings are vulnerable; here the major construction is made by having an account of the oscillating frequencies. The buildings are constructed and the resonant frequency is made which does not take place with the common ground motion.

Human Ear Principle

You must be amazed to know that the human ear works on the principle of the oscillating mechanical engineering. Basilar membrane vibration and its resonance take place under this category.

Nature Also Works on the Same Principle

Let me add to your knowledge that solar system has some motions of moon which work on this principle.

By: Ammarah Khan

Static Engineering Supported Beams 28 May 2012 10:42 AM (12 years ago)

Beams are to support the axial loads as well as for the transverse support and hence; they differ from the truss elements though both are the long and the slender structures. The axis point can be the same or the different as the beams joints can be welded together where it can transmit the bending moments in the beam.

Before going into the details of what is the function of static engineering in the supported beams, this is important to know what a supported beam is. The simple answer is that it is a beam which is supported by rolls without being attached with them. Yes, it rests on them but is not attached with them. At this stage there is one prominent force acting on the beam which is known as reaction force. This is important to know the role of the reaction force and its exact calculation.

Let’s come towards the question of what is a reaction force and how does it act on the beam. The reaction force is the applied force against the surface of something which rests on. The force is produced as a result of the stress of the resting surface and acts equally back. This reactionary force is the responsible force of the beam which supports it. If the beam is having some loads along with, you will find the reactionary force working against these loads as well.  The loads here are the point loads and the surface of rest is a roller or like a sharp knife. You must know that the sharp edged knife or the roller pushes the load upwards where the resultant force becomes zero and as a result the load is in resting and static position.

This whole story can be explained in simple two lines principles.

• When a body is in equilibrium, it does not experience any force acting on it in any direction, in other words you can say ∑Fy= 0
• There is no resultant moment which can turn the body in any direction when it is in the state of equilibrium i.e. ∑ M= 0

My selected beam:

Below is the image of the beam, I have chosen for this assignment of mine and the later part will deal with its specifications and the selected steel.

The size of the beam is very important in the whole procedure. When you go for the selection of the beam, you have to be careful about many things as the size exactly plays the role of the pillar if it is chose correctly and vice versa. The structural design of the beam depends upon the size. Usually an I beam has the following dimensions.

Before I go for the next part of my assignment, I would like to mention the factors which are important to consider while choosing an I beam. These are flange thickness, flange width, web thickness, beam depth and Fillet radius.

Now when comes the question of selecting the exact size of the beam, it falls on the basic mechanical and design calculation which is easy if followed step by step.

• First thing important to know is the steel and load specifications for which the beam is expected.
• Bending moment is much important to know and it can be found by drawing the bending moment diagram. By this, you can find the value of maximum bending load moment.
• Below is the specification table of I beams

• Get inertia of the selected beam
• You must know the beam depth of the selected beam
• Calculate the stress of the beam using the formula f/(d/2)=M/l
• Compare this value with the stress of the steel. This is in order to know the safety measures.

Now I would be coming to the ideal situation where this beam can be deployed. For this, a knee wall must not be a load bearing partition because if this is a load bearing partition; the case can be very complex and things can be out of control because in this case, the beams start supporting the things and the loads in the roof. And if this is not load bearing, the load of the roof is not worrisome and it can be transferred to the walls.

Shaft alignment is the basic key principle determining the quality of all the machines, thus you can say that circular shaft is an important part of all machines. Proper alignment can give the best results of stress bearing while improper alignment can trouble you in the stress bearing problems. If your shaft alignment is improper, it can lead you facing the breakdown of your machines. Before I go in details, let me explain what shaft alignment is. This is a procedure of through which machines are connected to the generators through alignment. If this alignment is improper, the stress can be increased and as a result, you will suffer the breakdown of machine.

This is very necessary for an engineer to understand the basic mechanism and the procedures of alignment. Misalignment can make you panic, there are two main types of misalignments; one is known as offset or the linear gap and the second is angular or known as gap. In the former alignment; there are two parallel shafts which have coinciding parallel center lines but in offset conditions. In the later type, the centerlines of the shafts are angular to each other.

In angular alignment which is my prime concern; there are simple steps to follow; in between the coupling shaft faces, insert the feeler gauge. Rotate the couplings halfway when the gauge is put. When the shaft is coupled, check the reading on the feeler gauge on fourth point. If there is difference in the reading, it means there is some difference of displacement in between the shafts. This problem can be solved if you place shims underneath the surface or lift the machinery.

By: Ammarah Khan

Marquees Need Your Careful Selection 26 May 2012 7:07 AM (12 years ago)

Marquee provides you the protection from the strong sun and the cold winter in the seasons present when you want to have a get together. When you have a marquee with you which are a trustworthy then the season and the weather does not matter for you. You can have the celebration in the mid of a hot day or in the late evening with the freezing wind going on as the marquee does the rest. It gives you warmth when you are about to sweat after getting at the place and it provides you warmth when the chilly air gnaws your flesh outside.

Thus you cannot imagine having a gathering without hiring marquee services. Now the question comes how and from where the marquee hires should be got. See! You must have listened your friends telling you that they have been troubled by the falling of the canopy when the function was at its peak or must have heard a colleague talking about the leakage of the tent in the rainy weather when things were in their best order but became mess with the seeping of water through the marquee. Definitely, you will not like to get your function going on the same track.

Therefore you must not compromise on the marquee hires quality. The best quality can be found by having a visit of all the top companies’ office in your town. You can get the one which has satisfied to your full. You must not prefer only the brand’s name as it sometimes can be the fake cry when comes to practice. Therefore do take the opinion of your buddy who might have got the services before for any of his family functions or at the place where he has attended the gathering.

You can also get the marquee hires through online services. These companies have their samples display and the available areas they are covering at the present. This gives you an idea to choose almost the same for your place rather than going for some new sample. The companies do have the cost and the average expense along with the display. It saves you from the hassle of getting another calculation before you choose the desired design. Beautiful marquees make your function great but these must be fulfilling their primary functions as well so you may not come across any mishap in your party.

Marquee Hires are Essential

Marquee provides you the protection from the strong sun and the cold winter in the seasons present when you want to have a get together. When you have a marquee with you which are a trustworthy then the season and the weather does not matter for you. You can have the celebration in the mid of a hot day or in the late evening with the freezing wind going on as the marquee does the rest. It gives you warmth when you are about to sweat after getting at the place and it provides you warmth when the chilly air gnaws your flesh outside.

You can have the best marquee hire if you simply follow a sequence. First of all you need to know the charges for the marquee hires going around in your town; this will help you to know the price estimation and help you also not to get costly marquee hire. You can ask your chosen company to send you the quote before you go on hiring the company. Better for this is to let the company know what is the area or the enclosure you want a marquee for. This can be resolved in the best possible way if a representative of your contacted company comes and visits the place before sending the quote.

This will help you to know the quality of the company and the feedback as well. This can also be got by reviewing the feedback and the testimonials of the customers who have got the company’s services earlier. The area must be measured accurately for which you want to get the marquee. Better is to measure it by some representative of the company because in this way you will not be responsible if the canopy is smaller or unable to perform the proper function.

Marquee are the first need when it comes to celebrate an evening or a party outside your home premises or in open air so, marquee hires are now going high in prices and costs. Marquee makes the function either the best or the worst depending upon the quality of the services you have hired. Therefore, this is a matter of great concern. Marquee hires make great business through annual and monthly incomes by providing their services. You cannot imagine having a good function going on without good marquee. Take a good marquee hire for making your party great.

By: Ammarah Khan

Blogger News 25 May 2012 10:30 PM (12 years ago)

Blogging is the most modern and the quick way of earning. It gives you what you want to fulfill your dream of becoming millionaire in days. Thus, you need not to go in hassle for searching profitable business or getting employment with handsome salaries. Therefore you must love your blogger news to find what can help you at the top ranking with your blog and can help you bring more traffic to your blog. Blogger news is the simple tips and the tricks to get the latest updates for your blog. Blogger news helps you get the content what may bring the latest update to your blog.

So, for becoming a successful blogger; you must be as per your blogger news directs you. The latest blogger news is to update your blog on the wanted content.

If the blogger news is like the official blogger buzz, it will automatically be updated after the given time to you for doing it. For example in last week the blogger buzz gave the blogger news to update your blog look and design. The given time o update the blog was of 2 weeks. Blogger news revealed the procedure of updating the blog. It provided with a button “Switch” to get a new look. By clicking on the button your blog will be directed towards new look instantly. If you do not like the button; the option of going back to the old look is given with the button “Back”.

This was one of the examples that blogger news brings. Blogger news is officially announced and brings the topic your content needs to be updated. You must pick up the topics in first priority and get the content ready instantly before your blogger news brings another update. The official blogger buzz is a continuous stream of bringing new and the profitable traffic to your blog.

The blogger news is a helpful assisting announcement that can surely help you to get your blog among the highest earning traffic. You must remember that the only thing that your blog demands you for being profitable is its regular updating. Finding the answer of the question on what to update your blog; blogger news is the only reliable way to find. This blogger news is regular and continuous and is announced from time to time as there is arrival of any other update.

Blogger News: A Way to Bring You at Top in Search Engine Ranking

Hey! If you are a blog lover and maintain your blog; you must be aware of the importance of the blogger news. Certainly it is like to maintain your outfits as per the latest fashion news. In the same way; this is essential to keep your blog as per demanded. Blogger news certainly saves you hassle to search for the ways to get the updates. This is one of the wonderful facilities provided by the official sites of blogs. You will find wonderful sites available on the internet.

Blogger news brings the updates your blog needs to grow and get the space for having the “survival of the fittest”. The maintenance of your blog as per the direction of blogger news is one of the things that you need to do as soon as possible after receiving the updates. These updates bring new tips, tricks and ways that can help you increase your ranking in search engines and definitely help bringing more traffic to your blog. In this way thus the blogger news works as a catalyst for adding more profit to your business and making you sincere with your blog.

The blogger news brings with the templates and the designs which can be very helpful for your business to get more visitors. These designs are mostly prepared after getting surveys to know what the public wants and what can help you to turn the traffic to your blog. These templates help you to update your blog as wanted by people. One of the purpose of these templates is to give new look to your blog which may be more helpful as compared to the previous one. They also give you the facility of having an experiment on your blog with the new designs.

You can apply these templates to your blog for previewing it. If you do not like the new design; you can move back to your old one. For this; these templates are given the buttons of “start” for applying it and for going back, there is “back”. You simply need a click to take any of these actions. With this you are unable to see the updated look of your blog before you present it before your traffic.

Blogger news is one of the blessings for blog lovers and brings a wave of thrill and excitement for those who are very keen to update their blogs.

By: Ammarah Khan

Social Worker Jobs 25 May 2012 10:17 PM (12 years ago)

The success of a society is on the proportion of the willing people who are always found ready to serve their fellows. These individuals are known as Social workers. Social workers have been serving the society since the human being civilization stepped in the first phase of community. They are one of the big wonders civilized revolution has brought to the human beings. The two great wars world war I and World war II left the great need of social workers who could have served the wounded and the death stricken humanity for a long time with strong stamina and tolerance.

Social worker jobs are opening through the programs run by the NGOs working in the developed and under developed areas of the state. Social worker jobs are a part of such programs. Social worker jobs differ in the nature of their services. It has separate categories each based on the primary and the timely needs of the people around. These people are highly paid. So, it is no more a charity purposed work. Many of the young graduates lurk to get employed in Social worker jobs. UNO has also started a chain of the social worker jobs program.

These jobs are no more like the ones who serve through their social work and do something else for meeting their earning needs. Now the case is reverse and these people enjoy high status values with the rich earning and good serving. Each category of the social worker jobs need candidate to meet the specific requirements and complete the criteria prescribed by the organization. This often includes physical examine, written test and an interview followed by a demo. For securing a post in the social worker jobs; one has to get successfully through all these phases.

Social Worker jobs are now a demanded profession which appeals the young guys and girls to come in with their best exhibition of qualities. Here, they enjoy leisure of traveling, earning and serving simultaneously. This is the easiest shortcut to have your dreams true. Come and meet the challenges!

Registered Social worker jobs are a Sign of Trust

Social worker jobs have been one of the big hit professions of the later part of the century. It was right after World War II that it started growing and establishing throughout the world. The terrible hassles of war worried the humanity and led developed nations to take few steps for the promotion of human services. It was thus that these jobs came much in demand. Western world learnt it very soon that the social working is one of the basic human necessities which cannot be ignored. This led the state to promote these jobs thus it introduced registered jobs program.

Registered social worker jobs are the measure of the trust that you show to your state. Registered worker jobs are provided through licensed companies and therefore very high professional skilled people are chosen for the registered program. This registration is the indication that the person you have hired is fully professional possessing the whole knowledge of field combating the practical demonstration. This registration is never given to the failures therefore you will never find local unsuccessful individuals in the registered program. All the procedure of the registered is supervised through the state’s health ministry.

Therefore people tend to have greater shift towards registered social worker jobs instead of going to join or hire the local community programs. Registered jobs are advertised internationally and the individuals are given a chance to show and exhibit their professional skills for being selected to be a part of this global program. Apart from few exceptions; registered jobs do not bother the creed, color or the region when choosing their experts. The selection is on how successfully the individual has gone through all the procedure one needs to pass before joining registered jobs.

Top class companies do offer incentives when it is ranked higher. Its ranking is all on the quality of the services delivered by the individuals contributing in the registered jobs. This program has brought a sigh of relief to horror and stricken mankind on the earthly planet.

Registered Social worker jobs; A Big Relief

Hey! If you are looking for how to get the trust worthy services of social worker, this article may help you sorting out your problem and query. When you are terribly in need of a social worker who can facilitate you while looking after parts of the program you run, you must go for the registered social worker jobs. The reason why am I suggesting to go for the registered jobs; It takes you a minute to know. Registered jobs mean the individual you are hiring is registered with a company and is certified as a skilled professional. So, you need not worry how to verify the skills of the person you are hiring as a social worker.

Secondly, this registration also makes sure that your hired person will not leave you in the mid way. As you make a contract with the company offering registered social worker jobs, this contract is the guarantee of the pledge that you will be provided with the services as long as the time you have made the contract for. In case, the individual disappears on the mid of the time, the company is responsible either to provide you a replacement or to compensate your loss through the way as you wish.

Registered social worker jobs make you worry free as the persons are highly professional. Their going through the written test and interview is the verdict of their professional as well as humane skills. If you are worried how to find the top companies running registered jobs, internet is the solution of your problem. You can search for the top ranked companies of your town which are renowned for their well provided services. Registered jobs also bring the satisfaction that your concern will be fully valued as these individuals are trained on the pattern of exhibiting their skills for long span of time. They are tolerant and have stamina built as a part of their profession. So, there is no need of having a strict check on them which makes you do your work with full peace of mind.

By: Ammarah Khan

Leeds Web Design X3 can Make Your Site a Big Hit 21 May 2012 7:15 AM (12 years ago)

The situation becomes tighter and the nerves are always on stress for knowing the fact that your site is low in ranking by the SEO when you are in the buzz of online business and want to have good money earned through your site. Yes, it your site can surely make you a millionaire or a billionaire giving you the business of heavy dollars daily if it is good in the ranking and does not have any nasty problems attacking on it with the low traffic signals or the less customers flow. If you’re safe from such problems, you are definitely making a big deal.

But the things could have been reversed giving out a tough time where you are crazy to find out the root solution which can keep all these parasitic issues away from your site letting it to heal and enjoy a healthy status in SEO ranking. Here you need the services of some experts who can diagnose the sudden reason of this low traffic or the few customers and can help you knowing the solution for it. If ignored, who can know better than you; it can be fatal for your site, ruining your business giving you the lowest position in the website rankings.

Get High Traffic; Have Web Development X2

The situation becomes tighter and the nerves are always on stress for knowing the fact that your site is low in ranking by the SEO when you are in the buzz of online business and want to have good money earned through your site. Yes, it your site can surely make you a millionaire or a billionaire giving you the business of heavy dollars daily if it is good in the ranking and does not have any nasty problems attacking on it with the low traffic signals or the less customers flow. If you’re safe from such problems, you are definitely making a big deal.

If you consider what have been stated above, you must be aware that web development X2 ads and give the tip of having SEO business in the super zone with the bombastic traffic and the steady customers flow. Your traffic to your site is as the oxygen for you to breathe in; so you cannot afford to have low traffic for surviving in the online business and marketing. Therefore you must need to know the tips and the keywords that can help you improving in your traffic and make you to increase the ranking of your site in search engine optimization world.

This article is based on providing these tips and the solutions to you. Web development Leeds X2 can serve for you the best in making these solutions. Web development is not a simple process which can be attempted successfully by anyone who claims to know how a web is developed. No, simply the web development is not a simple process, it must be understood that this is the flow of heavy traffic to your site which gives it life to prosper and constant provisions of customers which make it healthy in the ranking competition. Web design Leeds X3 has been successfully brought a bulk of traffic and can be the best solution for your problems of low traffic perhaps.

It offers its services with web development X2 trait which has turned a revolutionary traffic trend when applied by various site holders running their business in the online market. For this; you simply have to visit it online to find out what it is offering to you and what it can do by reviewing its customers and the services taken by them. Then wait for what? Do make a visit today and come to get the solution which can restore your traffic of your site and can make it apple’s eye for SEO ranking. All is just at arm’s length.

They have a team of professionals and experts who know how to find out the solutions for your low traffic problems and how the customers can be brought to your site in bulk. You can enjoy the euphoria of having Web development X2 which has won the market by taking all the site owners, turning to it and getting it for their problems of the low traffics. Their team of professionals is renowned for providing its services over a period of great number of years, and when it comes to Web design Leeds X3, they are the best not in efficiency but practically as well.

You must know all the tips which can make you topper in SEO ranking or which can help you meeting your dream of billionaire through your site earnings. For knowing all the details of the actions and the Leeds web design X3, you can pay a visit on the site for enjoying the solutions it offers to your problems. They work for you while remaining in close contact for knowing if this is exactly what you are looking for your site. Waiting for what, make an online visit and find what you want for your site.

By: Ammarah Khan

Microsoft Office Training 20 May 2012 1:30 AM (12 years ago)

Microsoft office is assimilating number of tools and technical features in it which are designed to improve the office productivity. Simply, it can be said that it stands an icon by clicking on which one enters in maze of technology.  Microsoft office caters the applications of word, excel, PowerPoint and many more. If trying on one’ own it may become a bored game of trial and error. As one may explore 20 new applications of features but surely will be confused when advance farther.  While for having a professional grip on the office, several courses on Microsoft Training are available.

Microsoft Office training helps to get the most out of the powerful suite of applications. Training course whether computer based or led by an instructor gives a technical approach to Microsoft office and helps one to be proficient without wasting time in experiments. There are different ways being opted for training. These range from books to videos, from classroom learning to professional training and ultimately leading to onsite courses. As Microsoft office is a blend of multiple applications, its training courses are subdivided as per its applications e.g. Microsoft XP Training, Microsoft 2000 Training and many more.

Microsoft office training is available in different formats. Microsoft office training DVD provides portable computer based training by including classroom videos, lessons and demos. One simply needs to insert a DVD in any computer while sitting anywhere and his training procedure will start instantly.

As the usage of Microsoft office does demand technical applicants, so its training has become totally inevitable for people working in any sector of professions. These training courses enable one to become independent in the use of Microsoft office and demolish the need of being handicapped. One can be the master of skills if has grip on Microsoft office.

Get Your Work Done in Minutes by Online Microsoft Office Training

Using Microsoft office without having training is like not knowing how to swim and being dumped in water without knowing what to do.  You flail around, using up a lot of energy, and not really getting anywhere. It is simply frustrating. But when you simply learn just few of the basics, you can simply come out. Same is the case of Microsoft office; once you know few of the basics, you can move ahead to learn what you think is necessary for becoming an expert.

Like other distant learning, Microsoft office training can also be got through online sources. These helpfully teach you the basics of Microsoft office. After getting through it, you will see how easier it is and how less stress is actually on you. You might be wasting everyday only because you don’t know what is unknown to you; the learning of which is inevitable for the progress of your business. The simple solution is to get training. Now, here comes the question of cost and money. Even that is not a big deal. You can simply get access to online training courses without moving away from your job place. Online Microsoft training offers free access to a complete library that contains professional quality, the free software the I.T companies don’t tell you about. It makes you expert within days and takes the assurance of a sure rise up in your business.

The biggest edge of this online training is for those individuals who are interested to learn through classes but are not willing to travel to remote or distant areas. One is totally free of limitations of time and also gets rid of necessary personal preparation that a student needs to have in traditional classrooms. So, finding all the solutions at your home, you simply need to turn on your computer. That’s the whole game!

How to Get the Best Microsoft Online Training

Microsoft online training has made the way easier for the people who are under pressure how to get a grip over Microsoft office. Microsoft training online enables you to learn every program separately and teaches you how to get a firm command on all these programs. Microsoft office is one of the first things that an employer looks for in your resume when you are out in technology market. Online Microsoft training helps you to acquire the standard that can lead you to the best pathway of success. Microsoft office is the basic milestone the learning of which increases your demand.

You can find many websites which offer you Microsoft excel training online free without costing a single penny. You simply need to get registered at the sites and get an account by providing them with your user id and an email address. With the provision of these two things you will instantly be able to have an account which will take you to the way how to have Microsoft excel online training. Microsoft excel training online provides you with the basic learning of tools and the functions the demonstration of which can make you a giant name in your industry.

Apart from Microsoft excel; these sites also offer Microsoft word training online. If you are waiting for a heavenly miracle to learn Microsoft office without paying heavy fee and costs then; you must take the advantage of this Microsoft project online training which brings resolute solutions to you. Believe me this is the heavenly aid that has been brought down for your assistance to find the best Microsoft online training. You must not forget that this is a golden opportunity to get benefitted from the provided offers. If you are a regular user of the site you have your account for learning Microsoft online, you will be getting updates and news regularly. In case, you are unable to log in, these updates and notifications will stay there until you log in and get the latest news.

To get enrolled in Microsoft online training courses is the best way to have the basic professional Microsoft learning as these courses are composed and designed by high professional people and let you to have an experience of exploring and finding in the field of Microsoft. There are many available courses, you must choose as per your desire and requirements.

Microsoft project training online enables you to hold an expertise over its functions and tools. The best way to find the best site is to look at the ranking of the sites for online Microsoft project training. This will help you deciding where to go and what to choose. This is thus the best shortcut to get free online Microsoft training. Once you experience it, you will testify the worth of these available Microsoft free online trainings. Therefore you must not wait for the time to tread you down in the debris of unemployment. So, get an immediate access to Microsoft certification online training.

By: Ammarah Khan

Petro Canada 19 May 2012 4:17 AM (12 years ago)

Petro Canada saw its beginning in 1975 in Alberta which started operating on 1^st January 1976. Its foundation was the result of a parliament act. It is a crown cooperation the purpose of the creation of the company was to control energy sector in china as the Chinese president Trudeau always wanted China to be more independent and less dependent on the United States of America. So, the creation of petro Canada was a part of his dream of self-sufficient Canada.  The creation of the petro Canada goes back to the year 1973 when the world found Arabs having huge reservoirs of oil were badly engaged in the bloody wars and the prices of oil went to the sky.

The province of Canada, Alberta had plenty of the oil reserves which were controlled by an American corporation. This was the time when the Chinese president and the opposition felt the sheer need of the time of establishing a Canadian corporation which could control major part of the oil trade. The resident wanted the American corporation to spend more amount of the oil supply to Canada and les to be the states of America while the business was going on reverse. So, 1975 was the year of birth of the Canadian corporation petro Canada. This angered the western world. The company kept on working as the one of the Canada’ s largest corporation and fulfilling almost 40% of the Canadian domestic and industrial needs. The idea of the petro Canadian as a powerful tool however was not liked by the liberals who were against the establishment of the corporation and wanted to sell it off.

1988 was an important year in the history of the petro Canada; it was the time when the government tried to represent the corporation as a symbol of the Canadian nationalism though Olympic bid. This was the high time for the petro Canada to get popular inside and outside Canada. With the coming years, the corporation made its grounds firm by purchasing few of the world’s famous oil brands and suppliers however the services of oil and gas refinery were got by British Petroleum Canada.

1980 was the year of the changing history of petro Canada. This was the time when liberals came in power and with their authority in the government, the energy issue was raised. They stopped the idea of making petro Canada as a symbol of Canadian nationalism and made it just to compete with the oil companies in private sector. Soon the corporation saw its deterioration and the government decided to privatize petro Canada. In 1991 the shares were sold in the open market while keeping 19% in the company. The shares price fell dramatically and the company suffered a drastic loss with many employees being laid off.

In 2009, it was merged with Suncor and now it is owned by it while the brand is used nationwide. It has owned refineries in Quebec, Alberta and Montreal. Its major projects were White Rose, Hibernia and Terra Nova.

It was 2006 when the company decided to enter in the mobile market and launched a prepaid service known as Petro Canada Mobility. In 2009, it decided to open fast food restaurants and provided the services of car wash with drive thru. Its offered services also include car repair service which is known as Certigard Car Repair. The Suncor ownership has surely brought a changed environment while entering in the open race of competition and brings the services to increase its customer market. Petro Canada has though been privatized yet it still symbolizes the Chinese president’s dream of all being independent.

Petro-Canada For entry level positions

Petro Canada since owned by Suncor introduced new policies and changed the recognition. Entry level jobs are of two types at petro Canada Corporation. First type is for the internal employees i.e. who are already working in any of the Suncor domains and second is for the external candidates. For the first type anyone who has not been an employee in Suncor is not eligible. The purpose of this type of apprenticeship is to promote the enthusiasm and share the work experience among workers. This program invites everybody who has a working experience of six months or more than that. This apprenticeship for the internal employees is devised annually and every year the board provides the facility to some of Suncor’s workers.

Second program of apprenticeship is for the external candidates and students are usually chosen for this type. Suncor runs the second type in association with the community cooperative careers. This corporation is one multi stakeholders of Suncor and through this program; it enables the local students to carry out their finances by having studies along. This is pretty relaxing as compared to the first one. The qualification and the work-job transition are the two important factors involved in the second type of apprenticeship.

The package offered by the Suncor for entry level apprenticeship is quite handsome. It offers its package based on the slogan “pay for performance”. The performance is rewarded with the incentives and promotions. The basic pay is attractive as compared to the other oil companies in the market. That is one of the major reasons that students try their last to be a part of Suncor’s student apprenticeship. The long run incentives enable the students to earn and focus on the studies as well. This is a good management strategy which made the learners to learn and earn at the same time and this features petro Canada bit higher when ranked in the group of oil companies.

The individuals who are able to perform the best and excel in their services, Suncor brings special rewards and additional bonuses for them. This policy is as being part of other oil companies as well. The purpose of this additional reward is to motivate and appreciate the individual for his best efforts involved and contributed in the promotion of the company. Suncor is specially looked at for its high bonuses and additional rewards.

As for as the compensation line is concerned, Suncor stays at the same level as other companies are in the market. This feature keeps the company in the competition. Suncor cannot afford to be lower in status as it can affect its marketing and will definitely take the hard and sincere workers to the other oil companies. This compensation line invites the people to join Suncor instead of other oil companies which offer low wages with the same working pressure. Other companies demand high work load to be done by the internees while offering more or less the same package.

One of the policies for deciding pay scale for the entry level is their experience and exhibition of their working skills. This is often smelled when a candidate is being interviewed. The interview revealing facts enable the committee to decide the pay scale for the person being interviewed. Sometimes this strategy fails as a candidate may not be able to perform well while answering the interview questions though having the best working skills.

By having an overall analysis, it is obvious that one of the reasons of Suncor’s continuity in growth is its compensation and reward policy which pushes employees to work harder.

By: Ammarah Khan

Amitav Gosh and George Orwell (Part II) 17 May 2012 6:43 AM (12 years ago)

We find a common sense of resistance almost in all the colonial narratives and impeccably prominent in “The Glass Palace” where the new Collector is unwelcomed and not revered from heart. This is a natural individual, social and national phenomenon identified by many in colonial discourses. The fear of being not lost keeps the natives to strive and go in self defense as was done by the people of Ratnagiri. The resistance gave birth to a mutual resentment towards the British regime and brought the fictional invention to lessen it. Here the wife of the Collector is the fictional character whose friendly attitude somehow won the trust of Ratnagiri people. Why do I call it fictional because such characters are not historically present in every narrative speaking for the colonial lands?

Here the thin line of history and the fiction is blurred by Amitav and is repeated many times through several instances. Partnership of Rajkumar with the Japanese Saya John and turning of immature dream builder Rajlkumar into a rich mature individual is also the fictional creation of the author’s mind and does not stand for historical evidences.

One of the major themes or the drawbacks which is dealt by all the colonial narrative is of the lost identity which gives birth to the hybrid off springs. Hybrid identity is the one of the biggest fears confronted by the multiethnic families and couples. We find this phenomenon being present in both the novels, I mean in “the Glass Palace” and in “Burmese Days”. The hybrid identity is one of the racial crises faced and raised through the post colonial narratives. The union of two cultures belonging to different past dwelling upon the different traditions will surely bring the identity issue in the weave where one has to give up and the other has to prevail for getting engrossed in the vast sea of recognition.

Hybrid identity comes where two races are united. Ironically this union is the prime base for many conflicts of the coming time. This keeps one submissive and to go back in the shell of one’s self where he is always frightened that his true recognition may not be grabbed away. This keeps him nurturing his hidden worship of his origin and silently obeying the prevailing and relatively more accepted belonging.

As far as the question “how does manufacture resent”? is concerned, “The Glass Palace” and “Burmese Days” both support the answer. When your economy is authorized by the foreign and the elements of the other land, your land’s timber constitutes other’s market, your land’s rich oil reservoirs make you poor as others take it away either by force or through trade, you are left with no other option but with the two; either to rebel courageously or to consent stealthily.

This resent sometimes leads to the former form and may be concentrated when you are treated as a contagious disliking and are deprived from the blessings of your own home and its resources because others are not only resting but are controlling your destiny, it surely gives birth to a sharp and the lasting movement among colonized nations which could have brought revolutions along with if become successful. When the native discourse is made silent by the prevailing political factors, the voice of the time dies for having another birth at another time. This brings agony and may upset the set and the assumed notions of colonization.

Amitav has deliberately chosen these characters to show the history of time at these moments for their relevance to the issue, their historical background associated with the colonized land and their fear of losing identity which make them a part of pure colonial narrative. The character of Thibaw Min is the representative of the descendants of the royal family. He reflects the royal festivities and the reverence enjoyed by the family in the public. His exile is also somewhat resembled with the banished life of the last king who died with heart attack.

The shifting of power from a centered monopoly to an open and dynamic regime is constituted and shown through the chosen characters. This shift of power has a historical importance if one can alienate it from the fiction of the time. Bhabha is very true in stating and making his prophecies in “Cultural Diversity and Cultural Difference” that the dying of one is in fact the birth of the other. These cultural differences have historic perspective and are spoken for these natives specifically when ever are talked about through the colonial vision.

The individual characters like Dolly in “the Glass Palace” are significant as they represent and support the evidence of the shifting of the power. Dolly stands for the journey and the long yards from being subaltern to being autonomous. This in fact is the finishing story of the repression towards liberation. Between the two strands of these political norms i.e. repression and the liberation takes place the story of “The Glass Place” which makes its character a show case for not only representing the social fears but also the political redemptions which make the novel very special in its features and give it a distinctive position among all the narrative discourses of colonization.

“The Glass Palace” is embodiment of English treatment of Burmese coming in the way of their tread. This gives a new vision to see history through the glass of fiction. His special feature is his move in the eastern lands exploring the economic pleasures which brought Britain on this very land and kept them attacking the natives to strengthen their market and trade. Amitav’s special Indian background enables him to portray the falling legacy on the canvass of the colonial landscapes. He is very successful in portraying the dilemma of the poor Indians who were shipped to the far east and more to it the dilemma of the Indian soldiers serving in British army confronting with the Indians fighting for their national freedom.

Burmese exploitation is very typical and a part of the fate of every colonized people with the long history of restoration which still marks them subaltern when compared with their ex white masters. The colonized lands share a mutual crisis and hence are reckoned as a collective discourse which vents a way to the suppressed voices of the poor souls. This narrative shifts and brings a new enterprise for those who believe only in the echoing voices.

By: Ammarah Khan

Amitav Gosh and George Orwell 16 May 2012 11:34 PM (12 years ago)

Is Amitav Ghosh’s The Glass Palace a novel that rewrites colonial narratives about Burma such as George Orwell’s Burmese Days? Why? Why not?

When talking about Amitav Ghosh’s “The Glass Palace as a rewrite upon the colonial narrative among the late 19^th century narratives, Ghosh’s very own words comment on “This is how power is eclipsed; in a moment of vivid realism, between the waning of one fantasy of governance and its replacement by the next, in an instant when the world springs free from its moorings of dreams and reveals itself to be girdled in the pathways of survival and self-preservation”.  “The Glass Palace” is one of the Gosh’s ambitious novels which are set on Burma, India and Malaya. Being a part of the land which was ruled by Britain’s for over a 100 year, Gosh very forcefully focuses on the issues given birth by the colonial phase of the state. It unbeatably talks about the national impulses faced by Indian soldiers serving in British army.

This is a woven tapestry of the concerned issues of colonial approach like mutiny and special rule for women. One is never away from the astray of being caught up by the strong grip of the colonial narrative found in the novel. The novel is the verdict of the fact that the imperialism engulfs the narrative so of the land being ruled over and gives and portrays it with its very own language.

George Orwell’s “Burmese Days” is very much parallel to the voice of the narrative represented in “the Glass Palace”. The thing is not of being smarter or cleverer but this is about how the real native or the speaker is given secondary importance when given light upon by the white writers of colonial era. Post colonial approach has brought a new stream of consciousness which enabled people to peep through the real narratives of the land which were high jacked either by the foreign rule or through the socio-political pressure of the century. Thus Amitav is very much right in saying that a moment of power is eclipsed by the fantasy of the next one. When Britain’s hold the pen power, everything said and written about the brown people was on their ignorance, maltreatment ways and the poor conduct. No matter how rich and how provocative the culture of the land is, this is still unacceptable to these white people as it constitutes the theme of the “Burmese Days” as well where we find Dr. Veraswami attempting to pave way for being the member of British Club at Burma. This creates a discomfort to U Po Kyin that a non white member is trying to be a part of the White Community. This makes “Glass Palace” very familiar to the post colonial writers’ school of thought like Edward Saeed has talked about in “Culture and Imperialism”.

The Glass Palace like Burmese Days is reflective of cultural conversations and ethnic unions which is one of the big acquired traits of the colonial narratives. In “Burmese Days” Flory has eager hunger for talking on the critique of Raj and admiring and condemning the British rule simultaneously. His very words “the lie that we are here to uplift our poor black brothers instead of to rob them” are an open comment upon the masked intentions of British establishments which is familiar to the oil mining stimulus in Burma represented in “The Glass Palace”. The role of Rajkumar bringing his recruiters from the distant land to the Burmese trade is also a drawback which these colonized lands have always been attacked with. The imperialism being the biggest form of the capitalism did not leave much space and never showed generosity for the natives to grow with their own economy prevailing in their ethnic and cultural circles.

The history cannot be alienated when woven in a discourse. This is the voice of the narrative that leads the readers to identify the shreds of history from the fiction which is hardly possible. Therefore the colonization narratives being very tricky do not let the native voices to grow up and speak for their own selves which in result give a maximum support to the imperialistic narrative being perceived by the colonized.

This fear of other is reckoned as being Xenophobic in Edward Saied’s Culture and Imperialism where he reinforces that the colonized ultimately become dumb as are not bring heard by the world hence; the space is created for the ruling elements who apparently speak for the natives but dig their own interests by giving a misled portray of the native beings. This voice is subsequently identified as the foreign if not being supported by the local and partial speakers of the land.

George Orwell has favored the colonized souls through the character of Flory in his novel “Burmese Days” where he desires to marry a culturally rich Burmese woman but knows that his soul cannot be satisfied but by marrying a White English woman. This is the dilemma not only of the “Burmese Days “but of the time of colonization where will and personal wishes were veiled by the economic pressures and social taboos. Rajkumar’s search for Dolly is indeed a symbolic journey of the present powers to the economic resources hidden in these far and distant lands. Dolly’s character is the marked parameter between two cultures and two ethnic value resources where one embodies the success through the adopted ways and the other symbolizes the dazzling and true form of the rich native culture and land. I’ll bring second part of my paper in next article to support my case with text evidences.

By: Ammarah Khan

Phone Memory 13 May 2012 10:41 AM (12 years ago)

In the last decade, mobile personal property has increased dramatically all over the world. Known as cell phones, cell phones and smart phones, these communication devices are the preferred means of communication in nearly every country. In the U.S., for example, children of school age have generally use their own mobile phone to routine calls, text messaging and surfing the Internet. What is for children and adults in all walks of life come true. Disappearance of the cell phone is increasing in parallel with the increasing use of mobile phones by all members of modern society.

. A mobile unit is a mini-wardrobe with lockable individual subjects could be mounted on the wall, to provide a handy place to store cell phone outside the locker room.

Safety cabinets are also controls in security zones used when no one is authorized, may take any device that images or recordings. Such restrictive use of such devices is at military installations and environments along with high security. Sign posted shows a mobile exclusion zone, and special secure storage compartments may be provided to allow personnel to ensure their devices safe. What is true of Smartphone’s applies equally to digital cameras, both current security challenges in leading security environments.

An effective mini cabinet is adequately sized, safe, lockable compartments to accommodate all popular mobile phones. Depending on the security of a site, special attention is the type of the castle was used. To ensure the highest levels of security lock should cabinets with locks that acceptable standards of strength and endurance are equipped to meet select drills. Locker phone itself should in a manner which provides adequate resistance to the penetration of unwanted PRY be built.

While mini-lockers offer a level of comfort for employees and employers, they are an essential tool of management, which will assume the responsibility to maintain acceptable security protocols upright. Therefore, these lockers provide management with the ability to open, any closed compartment with a master key,

or more globally by a master’s door and offers immediate access and control of all doors at once individual lockers.

Although the use of vaults comes out of a bid security should also include the architectural and aesthetic concerns. Voluntary use of portable storage media is encouraged and reinforced by attractive boxes that are installed ergonomically. The cabinet on a wall surface is no higher than eye level to allow users to practical items, door lock and finally release and to retrieve to be mounted. If the cabinets are superficial, perhaps six inches or less in depth (about 200 mm.), Then they can be mounted on a wall surface. Otherwise, they may have a flush in the wall will be embedded in the wall.

In recent years more and more taxi drivers are victims of crime in the streets. The problem became so serious that prevent in Chicago, the local government, by mandating that all cabs install bulletproof partitions tries. However, the move was considered unnecessary by most drivers. Most do not take up your partitions, because they are uncomfortable and restrict ventilation.
A taxi security camera improves vehicle safety, employee of the company’s control cab and the driver’s behavior. Such a camera is designed to deal with vision, security or driver’s mirror disturbing, but still offer a wide view to capture every action takes place in the cabin. Taxi security cameras can be installed anywhere in the car, depending on the model and make of car, but they are usually positioned on the rear view mirror. , The position offers the best view of the entire cabin of the car the camera to capture it all.

Built to stand the test of time, taxi camera that you can find on the market today is reliable, stable and insensitive to stand against shock and impact. The entire protection system supply voltage is wrong and has its own battery to protect against surges. In addition, all rooms have a way of debugging, the installer to ensure that the device works perfectly possible.

A taxi camera system is also tamper proof and with a reliable memory, the recording file, which can be accessed by an unauthorized party. There are a limited way, the set to allow anyone except the police could order videos and pictures were taken. Many taxi camera systems on the market today are able to absorb infrared light, the images in all lighting conditions, including shade, bright sun, dark, darkness built. Some can even video clips into a strong light.

On some models there is an optional emergency call button to send the pictures to the competent authorities may, in a GPRS network, in addition to storing protected data on a memory overwrite. If this is legally permissible, a unique feature allows the unit to the cab to save a copy of the video images recorded on a credit card transaction was. This will assist in the review and control of illegal chargebacks.

If you plan to install a camera in a taxi cab, you must consider not only the properties of a system but also the costs. A system can easily cost more than a thousand dollars, which made many companies slow to adopt taxi area. Many independent operator, you will also find it difficult to install surveillance cameras in their taxis, as the continued growth of gas prices and spare parts. The rapid advancement in technology had hoped, many believe that the space taxi finally go down.

After running a direct mail campaign successfully launched my own website. What began slowly increased response mode for a period of two years, to the point where I would imagine, not direct mail, in a few years.

First, I tell you not to create a Web site. But you have to think what to say. Start to paint a design your website for your business. What I mean is that we think about what it takes to get people to think in your area. You want to advertise with local areas to mention that you want to work. Finally, you will not get a call to do well across the country, so you want to limit your region. Of course, with pictures is very good. Then you say what you need in your business.

After starting the company in your thoughts goes to the link and research keywords most popular keywords that are stimulating click keywords in your niche, and then use these keywords in content. You want a site those questions such as what to ask her name, address, e-mail and what is the age of the house. (I wonder whether, if it do lead paint in the house). I like to ask if the customer at some point an

experience with a contractor and find out what they had. What are they looking for the paint job? This page can be equipped with an automatic e-mail configured on your back.

Then there are probably thinking that this does not cost a fortune, afraid, I paid under $ 100 for a site builder to create my website. And I’m currently paying $ 3.95 per month for a hosting plan. Be prepared for some new experiences, and if you do a good job of selecting the best keywords and content, you have a good response rate. Once the site is up and running, you’ll see how little effort it have the customer by phone or email needs.

By: Taha Mateen.

A Friend of Fiancé 13 May 2012 10:35 AM (12 years ago)

If you would from friend to friend, not a painful experience humiliating. No woman wants to feel it begs a man to marry. When asked if you really want his wife. This should not be so. You can have your dream man, without manipulation or engaging in deception.
If you want this time honored and sought after kind of romance is best is to avoid participation in certain actions in order to marry a man, you get .. While this seems to be, of course, accelerate right action, or at least a very harmless way, on the relationship they can have devastating consequences that a budding relationship, which requires only a simple can produce the cultivation and care, a relationship to develop full.

Avoid the following, which may be fatal to your relationship might be.

Avoid remarks in public, especially if it currently depends on how much you would want to marry or how much you want to ask you, is to marry him. It only can in difficult circumstances that cause him to sit. Any thoughts he had to ask her to marry him could be put on hold when he heard through the grapevine to get married, how much you want. Guys do not like to say, what to do and to dig, usually on the heel, especially when it comes to something like the proposal.

Do not try to publish it. It is better to discuss what can be holding him back because the relationship to the next level, but try to solve all his problems is defiantly a good idea. You can pass only to show him how happy you are with him or how much I love him. Even though it hurts sometimes you have to step back and they work through their own problems.

Avoid giving him an ultimatum. This rarely works, and most guys reject this kind of veiled threat. If you are not satisfied with the relationship is better to express feelings, but tell them they have to do something or something is usually very counterproductive. Even if he does not give to your needs in the short term, this on a crumbling relationship, to give, when problems or conflicts can be resolved.

Interrupt things from him. The first thing most women believe that sex. However, it could refuse any number of things like knowing a family reunion or other work with that you have to enjoy and want to go in. Men are more sensitive than we give credit and look for a model of development to some want. It is a dead match for him and something he probably want to avoid at all costs.

There could be some very legitimate reasons why your husband has on you will be proposed. One of the biggest mistakes that many women simply assume that type is not interested in them. Often, nothing could be further from the truth.

They are looking to beat your man, sooner rather than later? I by the amount of people in a relationship in which man cannot show to put some kind of sign to make a firm commitment’s shocked, it’s time to stop the madness and get your man to beat too fast.

How do you propose is not the man to Rapid

Let me ask a quick question – what you tried so far to get the attention of your friend to see him really what it means, go ahead and make your commitment required?

Often I hear answers like: abandonment of physical activity to ignore it, to see him, “what is missing.”

I would like to share with you that this approach, although very often does not work. How do I know this does not work? I am a man, and I refused, and eventually married people over 10 years. My girlfriend tried all the methods in common with me, and she led me on, not one step closer!

Why do men withdraw, when “punishment” Them

Frankly, it’s about pride and decisions for a person, especially one that involved it is not in a hurry or married. Most of these people will get on your guard and get very defensive when you try to take the situation under control.

In these cases, your friend is more likely to begin spending more time with their friends than with you, as a way to punish back. Over a short period as a week or two, this can become a habit rooted, and suddenly your relationship could be in danger.

Here are some other things to be avoided, the rain is a man of pride and also slow down decision:

Ultimatum – Another common tactic is setting a deadline and say, “if not by the time I leave busy.” All this has done to you is a simple man.

Pressure guilt – guilt is when you pressure drop hints about how “everyone” is married or engaged, and the pressure on your husband, the other start-compliant. This will simply stay away.

Emotional stress – Some women feel that if they break down and cry in front of their man enough, he’ll cave. The reality is, we see this as a sign of great weakness, and will only use it in the long run.

So what can you do this, you will get help employees, your ring, and get together with your life? You should see your friend on the decision come entirely at your expense!

Now there are ways to speed up the man has really come together for this decision, and include none of them cut him off, or pressure on, or a series of ultimatums.

One big key to your planned

Here the key is too big: starting to act like a man! Men usually think they are the greatest people in the world, and what could be more attractive to a man than a woman who already love him because he is in a relationship with her, acting like it! Immerse yourself in its interests. Concentrate on hobbies for a while. Begin to understand what motivates him, they imitate, and you’re on your way.

No one would have to wait forever to the ring, which they deserve. I hope I have helped you on your way!
If you really want to get on the relationship to the next level, then check the step by step videos on the GetYourRing.info, which will enter discussed in detail on all items.

You have what appears to be waiting for your friend always beat? I like it very much, but worrying about what they think and if you can do something to push it asks you to marry him. Here are some tips that can help.

He does not ask him directly why he has not proposed, or if there is a problem. For example, you can occasionally mention marriage to him indirectly, by reference to a story about a friend who got married or something I saw on TV. An occasional suggestion that he open his mind, but if he feels as he is pressed.

By: Taha Mateen.

My Husband Blames Me For His Affair – Who’s To Blame? 13 May 2012 10:27 AM (12 years ago)

Her husband is having an affair and blames it for his actions. Why do you blame him? Why did she want a relationship? There will be more than a dozen questions; there is a right to deceive her husband or her? No matter what reason is there is no justification for it. So do not be your fault that your husband cheating.

It is normal for a fraudster to feel guilty and find an excuse for defense can actually make them feel “less guilty”. What are the most common excuses for a company?

– Not enough attention to me, and I need someone to talk to.

– I had enough of your Nags, I need rest.

– We are drifting apart and I do not feel you understand what I want.

– I had enough of it, is to be bored.

– We do not have enough sex.

– I do not love you.

– I am making this marriage emphasized.

– You work too much.

– We always fight and I need some space.

The truth is that there is always the excuse for an adventure of a con artist his truck and find someone to point the finger it more difficult to heal and to repair the marriage. If a company is in marriage, shows that there are problems. It is the responsibility both for you to work together and solve.

Emotions

Your emotions will play an important role in this problem. They experience anger and sadness, and that is natural for you to respond in this way your husband’s affair. Try to keep emotions under control, because it will make it exhausted and depressed, if you can not work your feelings.

The plans

Make some plans for your marriage problems. How are you going to the affair with your husband? Think carefully about how you want your marriage. Whatever plans they will make sure am going to show no weakness and despair. Communicate calmly with your spouse, if you want to inspire a change in him. It is only through this way, you can find the real problem.

This can be a challenge dealing with the economy. As long as you keep building and repair it properly, you can move to the marriage with the healing phase. I saw many couples, the marriage was “more to the survival of a company.

Want to know how to end the affair and your husband I love him more? Click here to discover best practices for him to fall in love with you again.

The reconstruction of two-way communication is a vital relationship. There is no real relationship if two of you just talk to each other in relation to domestic activities. While this is important is not simply the only element that has the relationship offline.

An important part of this communication, we must be honest. Her husband said enough is cheating, as they had a marital relationship. If marriage is to repair, then the truth must be ahead in the middle. No more dishonesty, which includes not only the actual words, but also a failure.

But be careful. While telling the truth is definitely the best policy, it can easily lead to further problems. The fact is, if done wrong, if it’s a good marital relationship one can destroy once and for all.

A. Communication Overload

You can decide cheated in an open discussion with your spouse committed on marital business data. You can do this in order to help the recovery phase. And as marriage partners begin sharing details in a very explicit. It is not long before they were feeling angry is one thing.

The description is not to suffer more and the next thing you know, an explosion was filled with blood. Anger is triggered and the two start fighting almost constantly.

If you really want to learn graphic details of the marriage business, then be ready to call, and a little time to go to. Given the small amount you save a lot of stress and anxiety. Are currently under great pressure, it can not be more than what is currently there to add. Also note that not always know the graphic details of the civil activities begin to catch up. Sometimes it is advisable to only do so much.

Two. The truth waving the gun

After cheating on your partner think that is your personal right to be their judge. And oh boy you exercise this right. You can change the truth about the use of your significant other as a blunt instrument. Whatever you use it as an opportunity to explain about your spouse all the things that are wrong with them. From a certain thing they said years ago, which is annoying behavior is silent for more than it should have.

Not long before the spouse reaches the conclusion that two people can play this game and the next thing you know the truth bombs on each other fast and furious play are thrown.

This is certainly no way to heal after infidelity. To stay in the relationship requires truth, but if there is no sense of proportion, so you can cool down and stop and start divorce proceedings now. To say the truth is meant to establish the marriage and did not hurt even more than you now.
I’ve heard that sometimes women are not sure what to do about her marriage after her husband to cheat or have an affair. Some of them really want to save their marriage, but they are not sure whether this will be possible – or even healthy.

I heard told by a woman. “I know that this is a big cliché, but my husband had a long-term relationship with his secretary after I found out she left her job because she told my husband that I will be useful. So, I trust that it reasonable is now out of the picture, but, although I would like to save my marriage, I’m not sure if this is possible .. I’m married to a friend, after her husband is her affair and was so angry and unhappy with it, it means that business issues on a regular basis .. it clear none of them were able to move on and that both are extremely unhappy. She tells me that she thinks it would be better that both have been divorced because there is really no way to really get over infidelity. It is the right one? I really want to save my marriage, but it’s better to just cut my losses and get a divorce, after this kind of waste in front of the betrayal all the while trying to save my marriage, but end up being unhappy, somehow. ”

Divorce is not, of course, after an affair: It may surprise you when I say this, but leave many couples after infidelity. I realize this is a common perception that divorce is usually a business, but that’s really not the case. Many couples have chosen to remain married for a variety of reasons.

By: Taha Mateen.

Travel Tips On A Budget 13 May 2012 10:15 AM (12 years ago)

Traveling is a great way to get rid of all the stress of everyday life. It is important for us to be able to relax from everyday life, while the purpose of the trip is to reload the planning alone can be very stressful, because travel is considered expensive.

There are many ways to be able to travel and enjoy a relaxing holiday without burning your pockets and your life savings in your bank account. Here are some tips to get a vacation without an arm and a leg.

A. Plan holiday. Decide whether to go and get there as you want. If you want to go to another state, you may consider cross-country flight instead of driving, it will be much cheaper. If you want to go to another country, check and compare prices from different airlines tickets. Also consider that you are on vacation planning. Go on vacation during the off season, save a lot, not only tickets, but also accommodation.

Two. As soon as you decide on your destination and time of year to go, now is the time to hunt for a cheap hotel. Book a few months in advance, the camera saves a lot of money, especially if you book a room in low season to decide. It also notes the attractions near the hotel, you want to visit. Some hotels are very cheap, but they are very far from the top sites and end up costing you more in shipping if you and the part of the attraction. It would be ideal for a cheap hotel near tourist attractions can be found, you can visit it whenever you want without spending too much on taxi rides.

Three Research on the visit, check advice on how to go about the city and things can be free. Check the museums have no entrance fee or attractions you can visit for free.

Four Foods can be expensive. Check out where the locals go to eat to fine dining, avoid expensive special restaurants for tourists. Experience a taste of their local cuisine at an affordable price.

Traveling is a fun experience, which need not be expensive. With proper planning and good eye for bargains online, the room can be a budget-friendly holiday, he or she can enjoy them.

Ask random travelers the ideal destination for budget travel and are less likely to say, Western Europe, Australia or North America. You would be wrong to consider these places to be expensive destinations. In general, these destinations are more expensive transportation, accommodation and meals and entertainment costs as well. All that said, there are many things that you can take to make tourism in these areas more accessible to you. I’ll give you some of these tips in this article.

Consider alternative accommodations

There are still many people under the impression that the hotel is the only place to stay when traveling are. If you believe in it, you’ll probably end up devoting a significant portion of the budget for living expenses. Fortunately, there are many alternatives available to reduce costs and potentially a richer experience also.

For example, you can look into volunteering somewhere, house-sitting, agricultural organizations such as WWOOF (World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms) and hosting services as Couchsurfing.org. All this provides opportunities to improve visit new and exciting experiences and reduce costs simultaneously.

If you still decide rather than for traditional accommodation, try the hostel or hotel room, instead of looking for big names. In many cases, private hostels offer rooms for a fraction of the cost of the hotel. You can search for pensions, based on reviews from existing customers, if you use a site like World board or hostels.

Avoid tourist areas and do as the locals

Passengers caught breaking the bank, if the vortex centered tourist areas. These areas have hotels, restaurants and entertainment venues, exceptionally favorable. Ask locals for advice on where to eat and where to go for an evening. More often than not, you will receive a recommendation for a break on your wallet and authentic cultural experience will allow.

Plan your trip out of season

Not many people travel in Western Europe during the winter. This is unfortunate. Despite low temperatures, there is a certain appeal in winter in this region. Imagine a cozy cafe heated by a fire to read a novel, and people forget. What’s more, it is crowded with other tourists and most of the major sights and attractions will be full. Finally, you save money, are airline tickets, accommodation and more at much lower prices in low season.

While traveling to the destinations, North America and Western Europe, or more expensive than in many other places in the world that does not mean they should be overly expensive. Try some of the above tips to take into action and see if you do not have an affordable vacation in one of these areas.

You want to go on vacation, but are on a budget and wonder where to find cheap hotels, you can stay at your chosen destination. You can take your vacation a great experience if you have some simple steps to plan. Here are some tips to ensure you find the best places to stay in a hotel:

The first thing to do is decide where you go on holiday, of course! This may be somewhere you have to visit for a long time, or a goal that you have only recently heard dreamed. Each of them is, you should at least learn some basic information about how languages ​​where this is not an English speaking country. Also learn that some local habits, so they do not by some minor misunderstandings that may arise from cultural differences frustrated. If you visit only one other area of ​​your country, and then just enjoy the scenery

Once you have decided where to go, you should at some reviews of your hotel accommodation in the area you are visiting to look. By the way, are also available on our website! If you read reviews of Hotel accommodation, look good to report negative comments, sometimes they decided a better hotel a bad review just because they have a bad day, and some minor details, or their interaction, this hotel a bad review. This is especially true if there are only a few negative comments or weak, then they will be largely ignored, are. If there are almost as poor as many good articles, I think then think carefully about whether to stay at this hotel.

Book early if you can find a cheap hotel that you want to stay. This ensures that you avoid the disappointment and even the best discounts available. Be careful when you make your reservation that you correct all data, both for you and give you the details for a hotel reservation. Make sure that you have the correct information and details about the camera / S. Make sure to confirm your reservation about a week and not more than a few days before arrival.

By: Taha Mateen.

What Happens If You Do Not Pay Child Support 13 May 2012 10:01 AM (12 years ago)

For many men, the failure of their marriage, not only leads to a change in their lives, but also a dramatic change in their financial stability and future. As part of a family, men would, in many cases to provide for their family financially, and although they are now, they separate, it is still seen as an acceptable practice, the men should continue to demonstrate financial well-being of the family as a whole .

Child support payments are important, do not get me wrong. Parents have a responsibility to look after their children.

For men want, the idea of ​​help, whether alone or together for the education of their children honestly and fairly, the majority of parents help their children enjoy their childhood and grow reasonably, very few parents want their children or daughters to go free .

But in many cases, children can return money to be debilitating. Many people find that they are $ 5000, $ 10,000 or if you’re like me, $ 23,000!

This duty is to act more like a punishment or sanction. Often these debt situations in which one parent was not allowed to come to participate in their children’s lives, sometimes did not realize they even had children.

Default or other financial crisis occurs. People lose jobs, are temporarily disabled or have other reasons why they could not pay adequate support, even if they wanted it.

Unfortunately, history has a long memory when it comes to child support. Lawyers make millions every year to convince judges from seeking retroactive support.

I surfed the Internet looking for someone who may have been in a similar position, and whether they found a solution or a way to reduce this mounting debt and crippling. Sure enough, under the arms of consultation and moaning about an unjust system that takes into account not meet the rights of a father hiding, I just found the man I was looking for. Someone like me, so when faced with a seemingly impossible task, somehow managed to reach it. If you are struggling with these problems, and owe back child benefit, there is a right way and wrong way to eliminate this debt.

In the middle of a child custody dispute, you need all the help they can get. Your divorce lawyer should be able to advise you with all and to provide the right support, but sometimes it’s not enough, unless you can prove that your former spouse is to keep no more copies. Fortunately, many divorce lawyers help resources, including a private detective. You should learn how this type of professional can help you with your case.

GPS Tracking

If you suspect that your former spouse have a lifestyle that is not conducive to the children live, you will need proof of this belief. Perhaps you think your ex is to educate too many parties, children, or use illegal drugs. But not just mention it in court, without proof. A private investigator should be able to use GPS tracking to find out how your former spouse during his or her place.

You may find that he or she buys drugs, the day at the bar, or a compulsive gambler spends. Of course one could also find that none of your suspicions true, in which case you at least be sure that your children are safe if you can stand with your ex, are. Clearly, a private investigator, you can help either way.

Use of rooms

many private investigators with your former secret surveillance. This way you can learn more about what happens if he or she is at home or at work. If you are only interested to get your ex have children, you may request that a nanny cam is used, which is a tiny hidden camera instead of a stuffed animal, If you suspect that your ex abused or neglected their children, can get a proof for it, so you can out of that environment. The services of private detective can help and divorce lawyer should be able to contact you one.

Check Register

Not every major event in your life ex-husband is publicly known, which means that no amount of search can tell you what your ex was mean until recently. If you are convinced that a recent event in his or her life or to prevent him they could to get custody of the child, you have to prove it. Fortunately, a private investigator, you can set records, do not even know it was looking for. In addition, you will not have to waste time searching through the records give no new information to your case.

More evidence you have against your former spouse, best case. If you get custody of the child and to the welfare of your children in the care of your former spouse in question get the services of a private detective. If you are not sure where to begin to speak to a divorce attorney to find out whether he or she believes that a private investigator can help.

This branch of law is focused on personal issues between you and family members. These lawyers can help with all kinds of domestic problems, including divorce and maintenance problems. Find one that has the experience, is important. This ensures you get excellent results. You can be sure that these kinds of lawyers are the help that is compassionate, caring and competent to provide. They will help the legal representation you need. This will be done with a reasonable approach, because these types of problems are very sensitive, in most cases. Fight for your rights are hard to do on their own. Instruct you now to help an experienced lawyer.

A lawyer for the family is engaged frequently during a child custody case. If you divorce your husband and you feel that your ex-spouse is not raising children right, you can fight for custody of children. In most cases, the parent granted custody of children. This is common for most households, but there are many exceptions. If you think you are a father and mother do not have sole custody, you can fight for custody of your kids win. To do this, you need to help a lawyer. Lawyers have a job, help you prove your case in court. This is normally handled by the evidence that the mother is incapable. It takes evidence to prove it. A common piece of evidence is a criminal. If the mother was arrested, could be a good case. Further evidence for this is the bruise on the child, or other signs of abuse. The mother or child abuse with drugs or alcohol, your lawyer may be able to convince the court it is, enter custody.

So you get to the custody, the court must decide in your favor. Completion of this task, without a family lawyer cannot do it. To do this on your own, you must understand how the legislative process and the functioning of the judiciary. Does not comply with a legal request, or process, you may lose your case. This is not something to risk you. It is better to have a lawyer who specializes in renting it. Once you hire a company that will start your case. He will listen to your petition and determine whether you have a case. If you do this, you should start. He will gather the necessary evidence and present in court. It is then up to the court to decide whether or not to grant you custody of your children. Call an experienced family lawyer today to find out more about your rights. You can also learn whether it is right for you and if you start the process.

By: Taha Mateen.

Google Panda and What it Means for your Business at Home make Money Online 13 May 2012 9:51 AM (12 years ago)

For every business today, success and failure is of their company, determines the overall online performance, If the company or companies and not the Internet world to get a lot of success, no doubt. To achieve this success online, many companies will take on a specific game plan when it comes to their search engine optimization and other marketing techniques. With SEO techniques, there are so many other marketing methods that are online. The ultimate goal of every SEO technique or method is that in the search results of major search engines and Google is definitely one of them first.

Google Panda is a new technology from Google adopted to decide the relevance of the page or site, and arrange them accordingly in the search results. The main purpose of the Google developed Panda is a double movement to sites of ecological methods to get their message and to all the websites that black hat methods, which are considered offensive sites drawn punish encourage more low. Meet prior to the introduction of Google Panda, the site have been considered above expenses – if you have budget. Place a number of links back to the homepage and following certain rules during the development of site would do the job. These links were available if you have to spend money or time, but for many small businesses try to promote their site, it was difficult to impossible. However, Google has changed things panda, and now the task is more difficult for site owners to use black hat techniques. You must ensure that the content of websites in terms of keywords, the search terms in the search box at top positions to get listed in search results to. This content must also be of high quality, useful, and placed in a prominent location on the page. The work was harder internet marketing, but made a lot of good for the average user who uses the Web to support their daily activities or their small business. Internet marketing needs to ensure that the information gained on sites that authenticity really important information is contained sharply since the introduction of the Google Panda. Trust and reputation are important factors have always been more important and are things that should not be underestimated.

If you stay at a home, you probably have a point where you wonder who are the best jobs stay at home mother achieved? It is nice to think that a little more help on the electricity bill or even treat yourself on occasion, without feeling that they can earn to break the bank.

As a housewife and mother is not easy. If you have a child under three years working full time is just feeding, changing, and at least one conversation per day. If you have two or more children under school age and almost impossible task for many days feel an endurance sport. They are physically and mentally tested daily. Dealing with tantrums, food strikes and refusal to take a diaper to daily rituals to test the most patient mother changed. You tolerate all this and then lower your favorites to go to bed at night and jump on the internet desperately trying to find the best jobs for stay at home.

At first you will find endless possibilities and excitement. I cannot believe it. More importantly, I cannot believe you left so late to start, but easy money. I can do this! All this money is just there waiting for me to take something from it. There are unlimited business opportunities online; there are sites that promise riches, within 30 days, some even include the 30-day money back guarantee. Hmmm, “money back”, so you have to pay money to someone, before the secret to earn quick money, but to leave.

Of course, the sensitive side of you says to be careful to pay no money upfront, before you know it’s not a scam. But the excitable / opportunistic / desperate I said, I must run now in front of the offer in three days. They are faced with a dilemma.

You know, there are legitimate online training to teach how to set up a new business or skills that you do not win previously known, but there are tons of scams. The problem is that you face as you. Have certain times to go to bed your children to do research and really make sure that some options are really worth. This is the mystery. The big question is whether you put money in a product or a service that can win money to invest finally says.

If you are skeptical and a little over hundreds, even anxious to spend thousands of dollars is an opportunity to learn how to keep the search for the best jobs at home, then you are not alone. Many mothers will stay home to spend a fortune to make a fortune opposite. If you really want to work from home and stay with your children as they grow up are the best option is to only legitimate work. This is possible, so do not despair. Chances are good news is that you do not pay a cent for them!

In today’s economy people are finding ways to supplement their income. One was popular this can be done is to learn how to make a little more money on eBay. There are a number of ways to make money with eBay. Knowing where to start is the first step.

The first thing you can do is to take a look at what you are around others who might like to take hanging. Collection of objects, from your attic, basement, closets, garage sale and can get you started. Many people have no items in the vicinity of the house used in recent years; the store is very attractive for someone else. Your home is not only ordered, but adds a few extra dollars in your wallet.

Often find items that are not worth much, but occasionally you find a real find. Begin by going through the book and the DVD side. Rare titles sell very well. If you have any knowledge of antiques and collectibles often you will find some interesting items at very low prices.

By: Taha Mateen.

Kwikset Door Locks 12 May 2012 8:41 AM (12 years ago)

When designing your door to the best; an important partner of your door is its lock. The lock is the parameter of the security of the place you are using it. So, you must be very careful when choosing your door locks. If you think that you cannot get security of a lock with the beauty of design; you are wrong here. You must visit Kwikset for its door locks.

Kwikset is one of the high market winning manufacturers who have reserved majority of its clients for loving its products for their special features and smartness. Kwikset offers a complete line and sets of door hardware. Its parts are manufactured through a complete and comprehensive procedure. These parts are demanded by domestic and industrial sectors equally. These are internationally marketed through online delivery and can be found in any country with the people having good taste and sophisticated living standards. These parts include door knobs, door handles, door levers; door locks electronic locks and other accessories.

All of these products can be seen and viewed online by visiting Kwikset official website. Kwikset parts have their own place in the market and have been giving tough time to other hardware companies. These Kwikset parts are available in wide range of variety and are found in classic and contemporary designs. You will never find any of the regular customers of Kwikset parts complaining or talking about the poor performance of these parts. That is the reason of them being so highly demanded.

Kwikset is very popular in the market for offering a complete line of door hardware tools. Its products include door knobs, levers and door locks. My article is primarily based on the Kwikset door locks.

While answering the most frequently asked question of why to use Kwikset; I will give simple points after reading of which you can make your decision. Kwikset bring all things together in one lock i.e. beauty, finishing, trend, security and durability. Think can you get all these in any other lock? Certainly not, Kwikset door locks the only product in the market which comes after passing through the complete and hard procedure of manufacturing. Kwikset locks are a life time partner and do not leave you even you want to replace it. It works even your door is expired. You can simply open and uninstall the lock and use it anywhere else.

These locks are symbolic of high quality and the brand reputation offered by Kwikset. These locks are high secure and do not make you to rethink for hiring any other security system if you are using it. You will be the only person who can unlock your door after opening Kwikset door lock unless you share your security lock code with someone else.

Some of these locks are automatic and you even need not to take out time for locking your door. This entire job is done by Kwikset door lock for you.

If you do not like automatic door locks, you can go for other types which include electronic locks, locks with rekey technology and wireless locks.  All these locks are secure and offer unending friendship with your door.

These locks are durable and you will never find yourself complaining and regretting for your choice. The company is responsible for any default and provides you with full warranty of its locks. The Kwikset door locks are easy to install and bring the latest technology along with which enables you to use even your electronic device or network connections to unlock your door.

Once you get Kwikset door lock, you will unbelief the claim that a lock can never offer all these things simultaneously.

Kwikset Door Knobs

Hey! Are you looking for the door knobs with the best security system? Take out a minute to read the article and you will be ever grateful for having such a great product for your doors.

Kwikset does not need any introduction. I am sure you must have heard it around in advertisements and the ads running on your TV screen with its special door hardware products. It offers a complete line of manufactured door hardware which includes door knobs, door handles, door levers and door bolts.

Now coming back to the particular subject of my article let me tell you why should you go for Kwikset door knobs? The first special feature of Kwikset door knobs is their beautiful and eye catching making which brings appreciation of a moment and reflects the high standards and the choice of the users. Second thing is the quick service offered by the company which save you from any hassle of wasting your time and you can get them even on urgent orders. A normal delivery time for the Kwikset door knob order is of twenty four hours.

The popular forms of the Kwikset are Hancock, Cameron, Circa, Laure, Copa and Abbey. These are few among the great number of manufactured types by Kwikset. When you go for any of the Kwikset door knob, you are provided with the complete package along with the knob.

Hancock door knob consists of two knobs. These are very easy to install with the given instruction on the leaflet. It is provided with all related hardware with one dummy knob which helps you to experiment and practice its installation if you are hesitant. Full warranty of the manufacture is given.

Circa is popular for its wonderful finishes and design. It is also offered with the same features as with Hancock i.e. two door knobs with easy installation and flexible latches. Circa is liked specially by the folks having high living standards and sophisticated choice.

Cameron is very smart knob with the attractive finishing style which is often used by the business men as it also has become a sign of the fact that the person loves smart things.

All Kwikset door knobs have high security features with rekey technology. Rekey technology enables you to enjoy the flexibility to re key your lock even without removing it from door. So, in this way you should not be worried if you do not have a reliable memory and forget things easily. You don’t need carry the key along with. Kwikset offers wireless technology where you can open the lock with your mobile or any secure internet connection.

By: Ammarah Khan

History of GENERAL MOTORS and background of General Motors 10 May 2012 4:02 AM (12 years ago)

William Durant, the founder of General Motors initiated the plan of launching the company in 1902. Officially, the company started in 1908. Durant was a businessman by profession and was a true visionary man. He foresaw that soon the age of carriages will be over and the world will be in need of some fast moving vehicles. Today, it stands among the world’s one of the largest automakers. The company started its business as a holding company and its business was mainly upon Buick. Later on the same year, it started dealing in Elmore, Oakland and Cadillac.

The real fortune of Durant started in 1907 which was a financial distress year for the small companies. Many of these were dependent on the bank’ credits for running their business. The market was panic and it was the right time for Durant to hit his nail. He decided to buy a small company of car builders. He took the benefit of the opportunity and also bought some of the companies who created car accessories. It was not before 1908 that General Motors started its business with a new phase as these all bought companies were brought under one unit which made GM really top class company of the world.

It was the result of genius of Durant that he was able to bring the company to its peak business with his overnight plans and strategies. Yet it was his over genius that General Motors faced its financial distress in 1910. It was such a great trouble for the company that the world found Durant being removed from the company he started and founded. The financial collapse of the company pushed the states bank to interfere in the matter and to prevent the demolish condition of the company; the later result of which was the bank’s decision of the exclusion of Durant. Very soon in the next year i.e. 1911, the company was able to re-establish itself and open its gates in the world market and started its business across Canada and U.S.A.

The sudden shock for the Durant let him to think upon the idea through which he could make his way back to Gm. He took another company Chevrolet and soon he was back in GM. It was mere his bad luck that one again America was in the period of power recession and Durant was out again.

In 1920, GM grew gradually and made wonderful business. General Motors soon had to face its giant competitors in the market who were Ford and Chrysler.  It was Alfred Sloan whose genius and the steady hard work brought new life to General Motors and it started glowing again. It was all on his constant concentrated implementation of strategies that GM was back to business and became the world’s largest auto selling company.

GM got an edge over Ford who was not ready to change his philosophy and offered very little variety to the public. While GM emphasized upon quality and brought innovations in the vehicle market. It was also due to the break offer of GM which made its sale up to its height. GM released the policy that public could have the luxury of car on credit.

GM also saw the time when it became the largest company of auto in the United States. The latest crisis was faced in 2005 when GM was reported to have a loss of $4 billion in single year. Many employers were fired and the five plants had to be stopped. GM has engraved its name in the vehicle history though not in boom now a days.

Three stakeholders of general motors

The profitability and the success of a company’s business are much dependent not only upon the stockholders but also on the stakeholders. These stakeholders can be local or may be global. One of the benefits of the foreign stakeholder is to enlarge the sales of a company on international level. These stakeholders are benefitted through a contract, if the company goes bankrupted; the stakeholders may or may not get worth profit depending upon the nature of the bankruptcy and the contract made between the two parties.

As far as the case of General Motors is concerned, it owed a lot to pay both to the government and to the foreign banks. It definitely mush depended upon the mind sets of the stock holders who remained firm and did not turn an ear to the voices of some of the stakeholders who smelled the danger and kept on crying for the revision of the policies and the market strategies which were the clear reason of the demise of the company. It was not before the crises of 2005 that the company directors needed to think seriously that now something is needed which can save them from being bankrupted.

One of the General Motor’s stakeholders is the USA government with the help of which the company saved many times before the event. Many a times it happened that the company was under serious threat of the bankruptcy and could not manage amounts to be paid. US government interfered and assisted the company by giving some government loans which saved the ultimate destruction of GM. But sooner or later it has to be over as in the case of other crises in US history which could not have been saved from the bankruptcy even after the interference. The same was finally with the GM which opened its assets to public as the US government did the same as with many others even in the presence of chapter 11.

The second important stakeholder who had to suffer badly was the investors of the company. The total amount due on the company is of $31 million which has to be paid off by 2023 and beyond which seems impossible with the $15 million in cash. It seems as the creditors will suffer in long term as company has a lot to pay its part maker and certainly is in short of the assets. So, the creditors’ loss cannot be measured and it may be of unthinkable scale.

One of the important and the foreign stakeholder of the company are the Chinese SAIC Motors. GM enjoyed long and durable partnership with SAIC. SAIC Motors management decided to go for the partnership in the public offering made by GM. It decided to take 1% of GM’s assets presented in the public offering. SAIC has helped GM at numerous occasions and has made a strong bond by investing a huge amount in the company’s assets. The decision was pleasurable for the GM’s CEO who claimed it as another milestone with the strong bonding with SAIC.

The stakeholders have always been an important key player of a company’s success. It could have negative or the positive effects upon the international marketing of a company’s business. GM has a history of the stakeholders who left the company midway in the trial and whose partnership led the company to the worst days. However, it is up to the efforts of the shared community that several times GM was able to survive and bounced back in the market with the innovative vehicles.

By: Ammarah Khan

Reliability of User Generated Content 10 May 2012 3:52 AM (12 years ago)

It was not before the last part of the decade that online market found this revolutionized way of marketing. Yes, I do believe that user generated content is a strong and positive marketing way. Anyhow, it is important to note that the reliability of user generated content is all upon you to judge. This content is left by the customers and the clients as an evidence to support the marketing of the company. These include customer reviews, testimonials and feedbacks. Often these reviews and testimonials talk about the positive aspects of the objects and things however; neutral reviews do highlight weak areas of the product as well. These reviews talk about salient features of the products in detail and help the viewers to get all knowledge about them.

User Generated Content! It is abbreviated as UGC. It includes a range of media content in the realm of modern technologies. In other words it stands for the content generated by the user of the relevant product or a viewer. It was entered in mainstream in 2005 when euphoria of web content was arisen. It has now included a wide range of applications and programs like database, automated answers on questions and the latest digital technologies.

However, still in some websites, it constitutes a part or little of the main website. It is often based on the part of reviews of the customers who have often made use of the sold product and sell their entries on regular basis. Often User Generated Content is controlled by the administrator in order to avoid any prejudice, offense or abusive content. As User Generated Content is uploaded with very little or free of charge hence; today world’s data is replete with UGC.

As far as the reliability of UGC is concerned; there are some rules that must be followed. First of all the responsibility of posting UGC is on the administrator of the domain, publishing this content. Therefore, the quality varies from web to web. Highly trusted a domain is, more reliable the User Generated Content will be expected. Coming back to the point of the reliability, it is the agreement that an owner of the domain must agree in that he is responsible of editing, excluding or including this UGC. He must not be ready to post any abusive, offensive, defamatory or illegal UGC. He should take care for not posting any rule violating content that fringe upon proprietary. For making it worth reliable, he must also agree that MMS is not responsible for any of the posted UGC.

Some critiques claim that user generated content is not reliable on account of certain reasons. These include privacy, difference of a publisher and a user, quality and legal concerns. They claim that you do not have any source to judge whether the content is written by a publisher or a user. It may deceit a naïve or a beginning user because many publishers working on small scales tend to generate this free user content. Second matter is of the privacy where it is being claimed that sometimes domain owners do not conceal necessary personal information which can give way to physical and financial harm to the vulnerable user.

The response to this criticism was not strong in the beginning; however with the passage of the time, it became clear that sometimes domains do it intentionally to exclude the particular user from posting or generating content. The real problem is in the reliability of the content where it is controlled by the users on themselves. Here the true worth of the product may not be trusted as users are not randomly checked or questioned before their content go on post. However, it is one of the proven facts that UGC has taken ample place in the world of communication technology.

Though user generated content has become an essential part of internet marketing yet its reliability is a big question. Many a sites now hire people to write users’ content for them so, here it is no more genuine in this case. Anyhow, the top ranked sites like Amazon and others are reckoned for the reliability of their user generated content but no wonders if one returns with the claim that he has offered his content services for these sites as well. You know, this is internet all about!

By: Ammarah Khan

Internet Marketing 7 May 2012 9:08 AM (12 years ago)

In the global village of today; no marketing without internet is possible. There are number of servers offering web designing for the successful marketing of your business. They offer web Site Development, Hosting and Database Services. The prime reason of our success is the thoughtful design and organization of content along with systematic promotion in Search Engines and Industry related sites on the Internet.

Have Top Ranking for Your Site with Wed Design Leeds X2

What a great pleasure it becomes to have you in the top rankings when you are facing a tough competition in the online marketing? Surely, it does wonders when you are there on the top, but the reverse brings the clouds of the dangers which can make you out of the industry. Yes, I am talking about the low rankings and low business problems. The sole and ultimate purpose of all the efforts put by all the individuals who are the players of this online business is to support the business and improve the ranking of one’s site for becoming a good site maker.

You may have been fighting at the times with the problems which make your site worth less and push it towards low ranking positions. It happens with almost everyone; individuals lurk for the solutions to these problems as these act like the viral infections which bring your rating low, lower and to the lowest. These are the ever attacking problems of low traffic and the slow customers flow. Everyone wants to have a high position in the website ranking and want to know the solutions which can help him to fight and keep these problems away. When you’re caught in the monstrous web of the serious problem of low traffic and the low customer flow to your website, SEO ranking shatters your site from top to the pit where the earnings are a big question mark. This is when you have been failed to bring the clients to visit your site and add to your traffic flow. You must know the changing trends and update your strategy and the knowledge which can benefit you on improving your ways for getting position in the successful site holders. You may wonder at times to find that your all applied tips go in vain when the traffic flow steadily does not prosper at all.

This is high time for you to get the issue dissolved by seeking consultancy from a group of professionals giving out Leeds web designX3 which wonderfully solves your all issues. At times you may be ignoring the fact that your site is unable to produce good and sufficient backlinks which are like oxygen for getting the traffic on to your site. The importance of back links cannot be ignored when you are having a competition in Search Engine Optimization ranking.

If you are unable to produce good promotion of back links you may not have any right to claim that your site has everything which is needed for a heavy flow of traffic. Because the back links promote your site and are a big source of turning the traffic to your site. If you are uncanny for having something like very exact backlink count; you must go for having some Search Engine Optimization tools which can help you building better backlinks while giving you the present count of your site’s backlinks and guiding you what is the real count needed by your site for getting top ranking position.

This article is based on providing these tips and the solutions to you. Web development Leeds X2 can serve for you the best in making these solutions. Web development is not a simple process which can be attempted successfully by anyone who claims to know how a web is developed. No, simply the web development is not a simple process, it must be understood that this is the flow of heavy traffic to your site which gives it life to prosper and constant provisions of customers which make it healthy in the ranking competition. Web design Leeds X3 has been successfully brought a bulk of traffic and can be the best solution for your problems of low traffic perhaps.

We are here to give you the healthy and the fittest tips with Leeds web design X3 which can make you a tough competitor in the online business. The game doesn’t end here, yet it goes much beyond when you are new to the web development process. You must be aware of the keywords and the provided content which can help you attracting the diverted traffic ultimately to your site. Want to have experience, visit us and get the remedy after the diagnosis of your business problem.

They are confident of the success for your company on the web as well and look forward to this opportunity to help your company to progress further and expand into the global market space.

Methodology:

Affordable Web Design can develop as well as take over the responsibility of maintaining your World Wide Web Site.

Web Designing involves these stages:

• Define the objective of Web site as per Company Vision.
• Organize the right information content on the Internet.
• Prepare your company to handle business through Internet.
• Integrate it with eCommerce applications.
• Discussion with Management about the objectives.
• Decide upon the message to be communicated.
• Visualize the general layout of the site.
• Collect Corporate Profile and Products information.
• Organize the data and create hyperlinks.
• Enhance the Site with creative art.
• Seek preliminary approval for the hyperlinks and presentation, content and graphics.
• Finish the Site incorporating your suggestions.
• Select the Keywords in consultation with you.
• Host the Site on our Server.
• Process Online Credit Card Payments
• Update the Site as and when requested (minor update free, major redesign charges extra).
• Maintain the Server with 99.97% uptime and high speed Internet Access.

Designing

Web designers are gifted with creativity who work sincerely to bring out original pieces of art combined with commercial viability. They project your core strength with thoughtful organization and presentation of the content with convenient navigation links supported by optimized graphics and icons designed from users’ point of view having minimum downloading time.

The Promotion techniques make all the difference in getting your company’s name listed in the top of the list. Their systematic promotions are in the most popular Search Engines which has generated tremendous enquiries for our clients.

What you simply have to do is to send a quote request. This quote request is structured on the basic information questions asking you your interest and specifying the budget you can afford. Once you send a quote request, it is preceded and models are sent to you.  You choose a model of your choice for your web. Then finally your web is designed and you get it on the channel.

By: Ammarah Khan

Love is like rare stone 5 May 2012 7:57 AM (12 years ago)

What is love? This is probably the most important question of all, they need more alive. Although I can not claim to know the exact definition, I know one thing for sure. The answer can be found in the pages of a dictionary, but written in the pages of the book of life, such as. With love, anything is possible, they say. Love is right. Without love there is chaos. Without love, nothing makes sense. Love is probably the easiest and most difficult concepts in order to understand. This word is used so indiscriminately and in a distorted today, it is difficult to see what it really is. This is not to see, but know for sure. Let us go on a journey together and try to find the definition of love.

One way to define something is to get exactly into words in a given context. How would you describe something as completely as love covers if the mere act of collapse in a particular context, distorts their meaning?

How would it try and define what is not. So if we try to see “what is love, not” know “what is in fact” is probably a lot easier. This will be our approach …

What is the definition of love?

As a word of love has become so porous that the true meaning of it is used in confusion drown.  However, some experiences of romantic encounters in real life tend to approach people cynical about all this, when their hearts are broken. Please just keep away all your previous ideas about the definition of love. Let us know what love is fresh, with an open mind. We go to questions whose answers can lead us to what is the definition of love that is true.

Love is the system?
The attachment is conventionally known as one of the signs of being in love, but love is loyalty? You love your family, your wife you love, you love your car, you love your friends and you love your dog. They are mounted closely to each of these things. What happens when they are taken by you or leave you? If you lose all these things, hurt, angry, helpless and very sad. That’s because you live under constant fear of losing all these things. Appendix fears built into or attachment is rather out of fear. As an attachment breeds anger pain and weakness that can be called love, If there is no love, no fear. Ergo system is definitely loved.

Love is lust or desire to possess?
When people are asked how you know you are in love, they have the attraction and intense desire for the opposite sex. Many feel the love that intense sexual desire and attraction that is only for one person. As human beings we are constantly in search of pleasure and love as the last load of fun.

But what happens when the object of desire is not mutual feelings? The feeling, turns quickly to disappointment, even hatred, that you despise your progress, which he / she is and she would prefer a different pair. Then there is jealousy, pain and ultimately destroy the peace of mind. If you follow the path of achieving pleasure and pain, you can be sure that what you felt, was the desire not to love. Then, when love is the ultimate pleasure, then what is the definition of love. Keep exploring our perceptions of love with.

Love is the duty or responsibility?
Some see love as a duty and responsibility can be compared to someone or something. However, when doing things or tax liability, you unknowingly feeding your ego with “Yes”, “I was there,” and more like “I do what only a bigger ego and you will unknowingly return. If you’re in love, do not feed them! “I”, but rich “Us.” So the tax is a self-esteem enhancement or improvement of self image, cannot be love. It may be best to narcissism. This is not like the tax.

Love is exclusive or subject?
Fri love has attached conditions or conditions, if the border is not only love, feeling possessive, comparative and attachment inevitably in. We all know that the exclusive possession and mounting fear of losing the race to crawl and eventually leads to jealousy. What we does not our love is not limited and ultimately leads to pain and confusion.

So what is the true definition of love? If not attached, lust, pleasure and responsibility, what is true love. To get to the root of this, we need to perceive what makes us incapable of true love? That thing must be its origin attachment, lust, jealousy, anger and desire. If we can cut off the source of all these negative feelings, we can see at a glance what’s really love. This is an “I” to whom we build the kingdom of “everything that is mine.” We do not see the love when they Ego, whose main function is to exercise and recreational needs blinded. If there is no “I” cannot you just love? If it’s love I can never really experience. I am in no way an authority on the subject, but that’s what I love to feel.

Personally I find it very difficult to give up my ego, but I think the only thing to destroy you, when you charge any hope of true love would have been necessary. Then there is no “I” or “you” or “she”, but only love. Take “I” and “you” in “I Love You,” and all that remains is love. Otherwise, we can be happy with what is only illusion, is in love. This is the definition of love for me.

Take a look at the couples around you – do not think they’re just in love or are made ​​for each other? Well! The odds are 50 to 50, maybe they are in love or passion, not only between them. Very often it happens that, in the middle of a relationship with the idea of ​​obligation to be afraid. Start to ask other questions like: Is he / she is trustworthy, or he / she is the person you want to spend the rest of your life? If you find it difficult to answer “yes”, then it is very possible that ,what is actually the person you feel is passion, not true love.

The relationship is as unrealistic expectations led passion and romance defined. There is a general feeling in general was to start a relationship. Many couples are in love with their partners to a certain extent.

By: Taha Mateen

Asians in Western Drama (Part II) 5 May 2012 7:38 AM (12 years ago)

As promised; I am here with second part of Asians in Western Drama in context with “Yellow Face”. Mr. Sondheim has been very witty in making amalgamation of kabuki with the western forms which has brought innovative blend and supported the hybrid depiction which was thought to be more prone to western criticism. Yet things did not go as were expected. It did not leave the audience but with the feelings of respect for the dignified way the Japanese have reacted to the civilized attacking moths. This is a reversal of the typical disgust specified for the Asians whose primitive appearance was in the masks.

“Yellow Face” by Henry Hwang is the reactionary result of the protest raised at the casting of Welsh actor Jonathan as Asian pimp. This constitutes a basic and historic step of the Asian-American presentation of plays. Henry Hwang has to face the music of the public for bringing a salt pinch and adding in the changing history of depiction. “Miss Saigon” brings the man to present his historic play “Yellow Face”. The reaction was against the Engineer’s character that was shown as an Asian pimp and was performed by the Welsh actor. Engineer’s club has been a matter of controversy in literary house and some people claim that it was not the racism which created Engineer’s character yet it was imaginary creation and a fiction character of two French men and one English man. Though many claim that Cameron was wrong in casting welsh man for Engineer’s character and Hwang was gone in the wrong direction for arguing against the protest. This may be true for a group of particular people and be accepted by them.

Asian appearance in western plays does not involve only the racial factor if reviewed deeply. These also include the physical appearance, citizenship, national origin and geography factors. Yet the plays the above mentioned plays witnessed that this foreign appearance is always a showcase of the producer’s school of though and mindsets. Hwang found it extremely difficult for him to tell his theatre fellows that the thing of presenting a Welsh as an Asian pimp was very much the same as the Caucasians appearing in black masks. Sure, it was very uncomfortable for him to bring his contemporary theatre fellows to his point and get them convinced. He went to do a smart thing.

He wrote the play with “Yellow Face”, not because it was as per the theme of his play but because Pryce was called with the same name when he appeared as Asian Engineer in “Miss Saigon”. This was a tricky wit that was used to bring a visual justification for those protestors who flung at Pryce with the anguish of taking a low level role which has hurt the nation. It was the back purposes of Hwang to show that none of the continental roles are lower to be performed when are compared.

The play is cathartic in the spirit and provides frequent funny explorations on the topic which are often mined. Hwang goes one step ahead and conjures the character of Marcus who is mainly flawed and provides the vision to the audience that no one is left off. Marcus is widely perceived as Asian though in real it is not so. This provides a big assistance for giving a shut up call to those who raised pretty noise for the new experimentation genre of art and did not leave it an experiment but made a racial issue.

It’s very clever encapsulation of the fact how simple some things can be in fact. Hwang’s dedication to this Asian-American theatre can be understood and justified with the reason of giving favor to the Asian appearance in the western plays as his late father founded first Asian American bank; the play partly throws light upon. Hwang’s sole purpose was to prove that his father’s only desire was to be all American and perhaps the character of Engineer is a bit stretch of that. “Yellow Face” is not mere an insight with the tragic outgiving scenes in this matter yet the blended humor makes it a big hit.

It appeals people of all colors who at first or the second step find themselves engaging in the racial fights directly or indirectly; providing them a provision of showcase of how complex issues are raised on simple struggles. “Yellow Face” is embodiment of his own career failures, principle confusions and the political fights involving far and distant lands coping up with the struggle of raising their status among the western and assumed dignified nations. “Yellow Face” subsequently marks the answer to all the objections put on the production of “Miss Saigon”. The credit is undoubtedly given to Hwang for being the winner of Tony Awards who has been successful in his purpose of producing provocative, funny and purposeful plays.

As mentioned in the outline the first trend of making Asians appear in the Western plays was based on the notion of presenting a filthy nation and making western conduct vivid by having a comparison with the Eastern style and life codes. The shift took time to be focused on the struggle of these Asians which made the Western audience to raise their voices as the appreciation for these souls were indigestible for them. The logic behind this argument and Western motto is very simple as Asia has a long history of being usurped by the White men in different forms and different styles on the different pieces of the same land of the same continent.

The shift of focus went clearer when it also brought the background of the rich culture Asians have been a part of and thus creating some space not at the national level but at international platform as well. This is the slogan that many Asian and western writers have worked upon and it brought international fame to them.

Though now the western audience has not been any more unfamiliar with this Asian appearance yet some exceptions of protest are ever found all around. This blend may bring a sense of global adjustment in the peoples of the planet and thus helping mankind for making this earth more humane. It may be helpful in lessening the feeling of being other which is very often among the Asians and it can also be an initial of bringing the western world to the level of mutual thinking which is a big solution of many problems. I hope that I have done just with the subject I chose for my paper and have been able to focus on the issue particularly and the associated elements generally.

By: Ammarah Khan

Asians in Western Drama 3 May 2012 8:23 AM (12 years ago)

Western traders have been accredited for the appearance of the Asian characters in western drama. The provided support for this statement is the examples of the production “MISS SIAGON”, “Pacific Overtures”, and “Yellow Face”. All three are the Asian influenced musicals and are the supportive assistance for the opening statement of my paper. I will have a brief look to highlight the role of the western trade and the appearance of Asian character in its very essence in every of the above mentioned plays while drawing inter textual and intra textual comparisons.

Miss Saigon is a tragic tale and reveals us the doomed romance of an Asian woman who was surely abandoned by her American lover. Asian woman symbolizes here the tragedy of the fate which often haunts Asian female characters by the dazzling attire of the western characters landing on their land. It also stands for winning the sympathy of the audience at the end and historically revives the tradition where Asians have always been down trodden by the western footsteps. It was a typical exploitation which led a Vietnamese bar girl falling in love with an American and opening the doors of herself dignity to him. Asian history is repellent with such examples and incidents happening during war as like the atmosphere of “Miss Saigon”.

Kim, who though failed to win the title of “Miss Saigon”, yet was the real charm who won the heart of Chris. It was not but the fear of every Vietnamese to leave Saigon before it falls and leave with the winning raffle. Kim being an orphan reaches at the Engineer’s club to earn the livelihood. It was sheer her innocence that moved Chris and he let the poor Asian girl to engross in his love. The very words “Sun and Moon” are the symbols of how far and distant lands residential have come across like the two creations at the sky. One brightens the day like the dazzling American Chris and is begged by every prostitute at the club.

The portrayal of Kim is very typical of Asian characters that wish and dream of new western life free of fears of being caught up and prisoner or being lost in War’s horrors. Kim stands for the ardent urge of finding peace and serenity in life. Kim’s tragic tale turns when Chris is in the premises of American embassy and the gates outside are closed.

Kim’s son Tam, a three years child is a symbol of lost identity being an off spring of American father whose no news is heard over years. The writer is very specific in mentioning Tam having an American father who is lost in new life with his new life.

It is very kind of the writer that his pen took side of Kim a poor Asian girl which is very unusual of western playwrights who have always been introducing their Asian characters mere as symbols of disgust and the race prejudice. Therefore “Miss Saigon” is remarkably known in the changing history of depiction and narratives.

Claude Michel has portrayed the character of “Kim” in reverse of the western tradition where Asians were taken to show the vivid contrast of the western modernization with the Asian ignorance. Michel also went a step ahead and did not only focus on the struggling efforts of poor Asians to make their lives better but also touched upon the rich tradition of their folk and culture through music and lyrics. Engineer’s club in general and Kim in particular is the sect who thrives and longs for a better life and spends whole youth in building their castles in air. Therefore they are easily deceived and sacrifice their whole life in nurturing a simple pledge.

“Pacific Overtures” resembles with “Miss Saigon” in the sense that the play brought the same theme of secluded nation here. Asian art has been revived through the musical in the way Japanese have reacted to the American decision of establishing a “floated kingdom”. The way the Japanese went for their self defense and made Americans plan a big failure apparently brings audience to give applause for the Asian appearance who can go to the last extent for holding up their identity and bidding the westerns away from their land. This is very unusual of the stereotypical appearance of the Asian souls in the western plays where audience assumes any Asian found in the play, longing to be a part of the western land and getting ready to sell everything for having the dream land life that the Western world seems to bring. Pacific Overtures is a big revival which has brought back a sense of dignity, respect and self consolidation to the Asian land. The horrified Americans come back with the camouflaged strategies for exploiting the ever thirsty Asians and brought them ultimately to the point of having their own axe to grind.

In the consecutive series of tragic and funny vignettes, we find the same Asian people adopting their own ways and rising from the medieval civilization, travelling and jumping through the long yards of poverty to the crown of the world power.

The use of the western lyrics in the Japanese version brings a beautiful and artistic blend of Asian art embedded in the tapestry of the western plays. “Someone in a Tree” is the best example revealing the negotiation between Japanese and an American; indeed it is symbolically a conversation between a milestone and a ladder, between the glowing present and the ignorant past making a stone foundation for historic art. The story is long but I have to end this write up. Therefore, I promise my readers to write a second part of my tale.

By: Ammarah Khan

Science in Everyday Life 2 May 2012 9:18 AM (12 years ago)

There is no doubt that science has brought great wonders in every domain of life but this is significantly prevalent and helpful in our daily life. Below given examples may portray it clearly.  Pest control Tampa

Pest feeding on you food! What a miserable situation it can be is well imaginable. Pest do not need your welcome call to reside in. this is certain that they are free in making home of their own choice at the place where they want on this earthly planet. Pest cannot be wiped away through simple ways of cleanliness. Even some grains of your food are sufficient to invites pest in your kitchen or dining room. You cannot help them keeping away from the corner which is left unclean in your apartment. Once a colony is built at your place; you cannot think of a miracle through which these can be wiped off.

Pest control tampa can solve this problem of you. It is certainly helpful by providing its services and helping you to enjoy the sensation of cleanliness. Pest control tampa is all around in the town run and offered by many companies. These companies can be hired by reporting the intensity of the situation you are facing. Their pest control tampa reaches at your place and takes a view to estimate the total cost of the provided services. This helps you to know if your budget can afford the cost of this company or you have to make a contact to another one.

Pest control tampa need some information about your place before they start their services. They need to know the total area of your apartment. The number of bedrooms, lounges and the total areas where the pests are found feeling at their home are to be known by pest control tampa.

This helps the pest control tampa to know what type of the sprays can culminate this filthy creature. If you are in trouble of getting up at night by the painful feeling of a pest passing over you; you may need to get your apartment to be sprayed on regular bases. In this case, the company notes down the dates and informs you when the pest control tampa will come next time to examine the situation.

The whole procedure of getting services from pest control tampa simply take few minutes if you are able to give the particulars of your apartment and are ready to bring a representative at your place for viewing the types of the pest and the intensity of the situation.

These sprays need some precautionary steps to be taken. Pest control tamp will give you the detailed description on how to keep yourself away from the affected areas because these areas are targeted and the excess of spray may bring unpleasant effects to you.

Plumber Tampa

Plumbing can become headache if you are a working individual and are unable to stay around looking for the best plumber Tampa. Plumbing is one of the necessary needs of an apartment and you certainly cannot ignore it. It gives the latest finishing touch to your apartment if you are lucky to get the right plumber Tampa. There are several plumber Tampa provided by the online companies. These companies offer their services to provide plumber in Tampa and make you tension free. Once you choose the company, you are panic free and all the responsibility lies on the company you chose.

Therefore be very careful in plumber Tampa selection. Get the lists of top companies of the town offering their services for plumber Tampa? These companies are very technical and efficient and finish their plumbing Tampa in the time you gave them. Once you tell them about the plumbing plan you want in your apartment; they note down all your requirements and give you the outline of the plan. If you approve it, the work starts instantly. The plumber Tampa companies bring their own equipment and remove the useless material and debris at the end of every day. So, you don’t feel yourself entering in a wrong place when coming back to your apartment.

The insurance and the warranty of the plumbing Tampa enables you to claim if any of the provided services is out of order, or any of the work is not as per your approved plan.

If you are too busy to design a plumbing plan for your apartment; the hired company can do it for you. They take few minutes of you to discuss their services they thought better for your place and start doing their work if you agree.

The payment is secure and you can ask them either to pay at the completion of their project or you can pay half of the payment in advance and the rest at the end of the completion of the task.

These companies offer their services for the cleaning of gutters, the repair of the pipe leakage or inserting of a new pipe if it is completely damaged. So, if you want to renovate your apartment with the previous plumbing; you need highlight the issues you’re facing and the company suggests the best possible solutions.

You can also get these services in any of the emergency situations. They instantly respond to your call and bring their equipment along to repair the damaged pipe or the object. In this way plumber Tampa remains no big issue which can make your life miserable.

By: Ammarah Khan

Coaching 30 Apr 2012 9:57 AM (12 years ago)

Coaching can be defined as guiding or counseling people on their career and professional adoption. Personal coach educates you on career building, working professionally, career choosing, career changing, and professional skills in order to help you to achieve your life targets and aims. They help you to boost up your abilities to perform perfectly. We can’t say that the life coaches are the counselor or advisors by profession; emotional obstruction and endeavor inquiries are within in no limit of their work. If you are in search of life coaching then you must look for a person that put enthusiasm through training about sociology, psychology, assenting personality growth, profession, mentoring and other kinds of counseling.

Every one dreams of having something big in life with set objectives and ambitions. One nurtures his dreams and finds ways to get them. Life is not always like what we think. It startles you with its hurdles and hitches. Successful being is one who manages to achieve what he has dreamt of though he may have to suffer many hardships. Sometimes you don’t have resources to find your goal, sometimes you feel yourself quite disappointing and sometimes you think that your goal is bigger than you. All is attainable on this planet, nothing is found impossible under the nose of sun.

Important are the ways and planning, neither your action nor your eagerness. You need a strong planning and strategic plan to put your energy in action. For successful planning, you need some guide who can lead you to your destination. This guide is the sole responsible for your achievements. Executive coaching bring you to your guide providing you right path of your aim. You can evaluate yourself, examine your case, analyze your future career, scrutinize your future plans and have good manageable resources on your own by getting the services of your executive coach.

Life coach never interferes to feed you what you should do rather he shows you the right path and tells you how you should do. You never feel yourself passive in life. You aim and objectives are set by you not by your coach. Your coach just assists you in finding the track that can lead you to your destination. You learn how to behave in disappointing circumstances. If you are stuck somewhere in the mid of your business and do not find any way of fighting back or reviving it, life coach can do this for you.

He will review your circumstances in which you are struggling and will plan strategy for you, by implementing which can give you the revival of your business. He polishes your natural potential and enables you to do your tasks in effective ways. You can find many online coaching programs for your ease. Many of them are through phone and internet. However, personal type assists the best.

Members will be guided by coaches through such ways that you will really be helped in enhancing your business. Patrons are helped to enhance their proficiency so that they can perform the best when working in a team. Coaching plays an important role in the life of a patron. It leads you know some strategies to bring some changes in you and your team especially in a situation where you feel hearted to achieve the set targets. A personal coach helps you to come out of trouble and know the adoptions with which you can restart your work.

It gives you all the solutions to the problems either in managing or starting your business. So, if you want to run your business effectively, you must take the services of personal coaches to get better results. He guides techniques and methods to expand your business. He also tells about the strong points of your business. He advises you about how to tackle problems effectively. He assists you to enhance your governing and decision making capability. He coaches you to improve your administration effectively. He shows you about solutions and procedure to escape out of difficulties.

Executive coach helps you building your self confidence and enables you to express your business ambition on the right track. It neither asks you to be a spoon feeder nor a blind trustee rather it provides you clear situation of your lacking so that you can fulfill those gaps to get your goal.

Life coaching is very significant in a patron’s life. Its real role comes in the situation where you and your team are entirely disappointed for achieving some set targets. Life coaches plan to break these circumstances and reveal those strategies which can revive your business. Therefore, it can be said that life coaching gives solution to all the problems found on one’s way to success. One must take help from life coaches if want to have big success in one’s business. You must have it for your better future development.

You will find various organizations which are offering excellent training for coaching. In most of the organizations you will notice that the training is given through phone and the Internet. In case you want to get live training then you have a choice to go for an abstract training program that is mainly about means of life and improving advising skills. If you have desire to be trained in many aspects of life then it is suggested to go for a longer, pricier and more detailed program, offered by different companies.

By: Ammarah Khan

Tourism; Finding Way to the Best Entertainment 30 Apr 2012 9:49 AM (12 years ago)

If you are a tourist; you must be aware of the way things are to be made before setting on journey. Yes, this is about to know certain things necessary which may help you for your stay on the place you are setting for. These may be about the uncertain and the sudden changing weather, culture, crime and law situation, traditions, feasts, shopping marts, certain maps and the review directory of the tourists who have made a visit before you. This helps you to design a list of DO’s and Don’ts Do’s at your destination.

Atlanta tour is one of the top prior visits that are loved to pay by every tourist. Atlanta tour needs you to peep in certain facts and the real situations which can help you to design your tour on the bases of these. This article is specifically going to deal with the things which you must know before going for Atlanta tour. This article will help you to find the best things to do when thinking to have an Atlanta tour. So, you will be saving from the hassle of going and visiting foreign office.

Atlanta tour brings people to the place for its rich culture, traditions, theatres and the shopping marts. There are lots of scenic parks the exploring of which will provide you fun for long hours. The most amazing park among them is the Olympic park at the center of the town which is famous for its historical conduction of Olympics in 1996.

Atlanta Botanical Garden is another wonderful place which keeps visitors have strong thrill with the area of 30 acres, long trails of wild flowers, forests and a 40 foot high suspension bridge. This is one of the famous attractions which can bring back to Atlanta tour.

Alliance theatre is one of the worlds largest and the original theatres which is a part of Woodruff Arts Center. It has produced fifty world’s premiers which attract the best talents to have an Atlanta tour. This is the place which will keep you under the magic for long hours until provoked by another sensation.

Music and museums are other attractive captives who will keep you engage in enjoying the rich substance. Atlanta music is full of folk traditions and provides ample of entertainment reflecting the rich traditional culture of the town.

These are the basic milestones which you will surely enjoy when going on your Atlanta tour.

Tour Philadelphia; Fun and Entertainment

There are some places in the world that are loved for their natural beauty and geography. So is Philadelphia, a place always crowded with tons of tourists and humming activities. You’ll never find this place empty or a deserted one. People travel from far off places and head towards this town to get a good refreshing vocational deal. No wonders, if you meet same people twice as those who visit it for once, come again.

With the boom of vacations, special packages are announced all over the town. All is about fun and having chill. Youngsters, home women, moms and couples do enjoy and get benefited. No one stays home for getting bored and seeks the mates to have outgoing trips. In these days you will find all restaurants in the town offering special discount on all the variety of food items made in. evenings are full of music and dancing parties. All those who are not social and amiable at all, also find them among the humming groups and joining them hand in hand.

Bars; being the most busy resorts are at their full boost and give special deals which are usually not affordable during the rest of the year. Youngsters get discounted and delicious drinks and wish to enjoy this period for lasting months. Girls and guys; who are in search of going out of town get special deals from tourists’ forums.

The city is famous for having many art museums like Academy of the Fine Arts, Roden museum and the museum of Art. Rodin museum is the first attraction for the visitors having Tour Philadelphia because it holds the largest collection of cultural heritage outside the France.  Sketch club is a festivity enjoyed by women in particular and public in general. This is full of art galleries and on the first Friday of every month; these galleries are crowded with tourists. Therefore, while setting for Tour Philadelphia must take a time frame if you want to enjoy this first Friday event. Tour Philadelphia gives unending pleasure if you turn towards the music which constitutes a major part of entertainment.

Fairmount Park is Philadelphia’s largest park which has an area of 9,200 acres. This is world’s largest landscape urban city. The maintenance costs heavy expenditures to the government.

Shopping is one of the greatest festivities enjoyed by people having Tour Philadelphia. Sansom and chestnut are the two big places offering wonderful shopping especially with a large variety of clothing. Parallel to the streets of Sansom and chestnut are the independent retailers which provide you have another feast of retailing prices. Tour Philadelphia is surely marked by the fun providing picnic sports.

Tourism is one of the best way of knowing different cultures and resorts. The pleasure becomes double if you find yourself among a bunch of good people. And definitely, you can meet this bunch at good worth a sight places like Atlanta and Philadelphia.

By: Ammarah Khan

Industrial & Commercial Heating Systems 28 Apr 2012 1:58 AM (12 years ago)

Heating Brings Life to Your Industries

Industries make a great deal of a country’s economy. These are the parameters of knowing the strength of a state’s economy. Stronger are the industries; greater will be the power of an economy enjoyed by the country men. Weaker is the industrial unit; slow will be the economy growth. Therefore, this is out of question to ask about the industry’s importance in the survival of any state or country. This is a must and a sure part without which no nation can survive in the global village. Therefore these are always among the top priorities of every government.

Every government tries its level best to facilitate the industrial unit with the great provisions of fuel and the heating systems. Industries cannot go great without a heating system. Heating is needed for the melting, it is required when the manufacture is processed, and it is needed when the things are to pass through their final and the last finishing touches. Therefore, industries need a great deal of the heat for their smooth and sure running. Industrial heating systems are the systems which bring a constant flow and the supply of heat required for the industry running.

Industries are usually divided in certain sub units for the division of their labor. Furnaces use a great amount of heat where the things are melted and the required result is brought about. Here the heat is needed to the highest degree of temperature and only can be provided by the furnaces. This is for the melting or the breakdown of the raw material to get the required substance out. Then further heat is needed for the manufacturing process which is different in degrees and may be needed on an average scale.

Mostly industries use their own power supply systems to produce their heating systems as it becomes very costly to acquire from the outer companies. But those industries which lack heating unit system get the foreign services and ad for the heating systems. Usually this is on the contract bases and a heavy contract fee is charges for the fixed duration. Industrial heating systems are self sufficient and work independently of any local or national heating units. Thus in this way they add a strong addition in a country’s economy. Industrial heating systems are also used for driving some power for other projects as well supervised by the government.

Industries are Incomplete without Industrial heating Systems

A country’s economy is dependent upon the two sectors; industrial and the agricultural. If you look at the two genres, you will come to know that the later is also a form of industry where something is needed to be processed before getting ready for sale. Industries are a great part of your country’s economy if it is self sufficient or even is fortunate to own some exchange by importing some of its goods. Where the industries are flop, the economy is destructed; where industries go great, economy ever prospers.

Industrial unit constitutes great labor demanding great requirements to run out as it does produce a great. Winter is a frosty season for the industries as well. This is the time when every industry goes for having some good industrial heating systems which can provide a cozy environment to its workers so that the work can be continued without any obstructions on the way. Industrial heating systems are used in the working unit and in the manufacturing unit. These are not for the whole industry area. These include an average amount of heat required to keep the inside warm and cozy.

Industries work through human and non human workers humans need heat to survive in the chilly winters while the non human labor i.e. the machines give out the heat and do not need it to work. So, the industrial heating system needs less power supply for operating. It may simply be a single central heater which can help the labors to continue their jobs. Industrial heating systems are sometimes commercial in nature and the industry owners need to pay some taxes along with the original price as implemented by the ministry or the state. Therefore industry owners do make a careful choice of the industrial heating systems for buying which can bring the minimum tax amount to them.

Industries need some heating for its manufacturing departments as well. Here this heat is used in some manufacture process and the supply is huge depending upon the requirements. So, industries cannot afford working without their heating systems.

Some Asian and countries wholly depend upon the industries for their economy so; these have multinational companies running their business for the provision of industrial heating system. These states and countries take keen interest in providing these industrial heating systems to their industry owners and make a sure flow of their economy.

Commercial Heating Systems can Make the Winters Cozy

Winter is a tough time when you have to travel for work. This may make you think of some magical wand leaving you at the place. Anyhow, traveling in a vehicle makes this feeling the minimum but the worst comes when you reach at your working place and there a cold, chilled and frozen air of the environment make you numb with the stinging bones and chattering teeth. This is quite unaffordable and makes the workers to get either sick leave for falling ill or to be absent for avoiding any serious accident.

Commercial heating systems are used at the places where a company keeps his workers to continue their labor. These can be some manufacturing unit, some offices, some on field jobs or some schools or colleges where the business is run for commercial purposes. Commercial heating systems make an important part of winter labor for such companies or the institutions as nobody does like to lose his workers and face disaster in business. Therefore they spend a good deal of money upon the buying of commercial heating systems and make their environment comfortable enough to give out a good working air which can at least make the workers to muster up their courage and start working.

Commercial heating systems work with the number of heaters supplied and fitted inside the walls so there is no need of allocating extra space to these heaters on your tables or at your desks. These heaters are automatic in nature so; you are further save from any hassle of turning them on and off time and again. They trip when it is too hot inside and start working again when it becomes little cold. So, in this way they make the job place a good one to move on.

Commercial heaters have great capacity with the minimum sized and the stylish outlooks. These heaters can be electric or dependent on other fuel supply as your country or state affords. These are electric in most of the western world where electricity cost is no more a big deal but the poor eastern countries may not afford them only because of the high and costly prices of electricity and there; these are used only in limited government executive sector while other private and public sectors are having the gas or the coal as fuel to run their commercial heating systems.

By: Ammarah Khan

Best Advices for the Places around You from the Foursquare Users 23 Apr 2012 1:45 AM (12 years ago)

There is no wonder that you enjoy great travels even sitting at your home. Technology and the latest apps have just made it possible. There are thousands of traveling ways that you can enjoy though these little devices. Well, don’t think I am talking about something close to Ufone ad, lols! This is something that has revolutionized world’s set ups and have brought great communities close to each other. One attribute that must be given to these technology devices is the strengthening local and global community relationships.

One among such traveling and ownership is foursquare. Here, young guys and school going teen agers feel proud if declared as a winner or owner of the place. If you still wonder, how you can visit or be an owner of some place without getting a physical access to that place, wait pls. your all queries will be answered as you go on read.
Foursquare is a location based social networking working for the software for mobile. This is basically based on idea that people can interact with their environment through their mobiles hence; it is used in GPS enabled mobiles. The service was first introduced in 2009 and now it is receiving 3 millions cheques per day as an average.

Foursquare mobile application allows its registered users to connect to their friends and update their location. So, foursquare is a game of GPS mobiles. It enables phone, Blackberry and others to log their visits of the favorite places like restaurants, cafes, bars and shopping malls. Primarily users used this GPS to locate nearby ATM services. But now the trend is shifted with the boom of technology. Users get different advantages for checking in at revenues and places.

If you are the lucky one to visit any place for the maximum time, you will be declared as the mayor of that place and this is going to benefit you in certain ways. If you are declared the mayor of a bar, you will be offered by a free drink. In the same way checking in for 5 times to Airport bestows with you badge.

For any user checking in, there are certain tips and reviews left over by the previous visitors checking in the same place like it may be like “this airport is not a good place at all”. This makes the new users definitely to leave their observations, tips and reviews for the coming ones.

There are certain advice left from foursquare users for the new users but it may not be all reliable because every mayor of the place wants to maintain his/her place for a long time and leaving no place for the coming.

The advice left for the checking in of places varies by the types of foursquare users. People loving literature will suggest you to check in at the world’s top libraries and book marts. Users having love for flying will urge you by giving the best advice to get airport badge by visiting airports time and again. Young people give recommendation to be the mayor of bars, cafes and clubs.

Foursquare users often get permanent mayor ship as hardly there is anyone who becomes successful getting more numbers of check ins. Foursquare users also give you advice to unlock your rewards, badges , discounts and reviews. These discounts and reviews help you come to get the better ranking of the users hence; able to get more chances to be the mayor of any place.

In the last few years foursquare has upgraded GPS applications as it enables you to explore the world. You can find your friends while you are on move. You visit wonderful places and are also known in the community of users. You can easily tell your friends were you are and share your pictures for improving your reviews and becoming helpful for the beginners.

Though there are many upcoming social trends yet foursquare is the last open opportunity to secure one’s ownership and identity of the place owned through mobile software. Yet, I must say this has not got as much popular as expected in comparison to other social media.

By: Ammarah Khan

30 Second Smile Review: 22 Apr 2012 8:08 AM (12 years ago)

Hey! Here we have 30 Second Smile electronic teeth brush quite likely in comparison with Oral B and Sonicare. The best of it making it idiot-proof is the quality of having bristles on both sides of it. A look attracts for experience.

How It Works?

The usage of bristles on both sides of the brush piston it forward and backward which results in the brushing of your teeth automatically. It takes less time than a manual brush and gives unchallenging freshness in breaths by cleaning all inward particles residing in gums and lower parts of teeth. You can have complete cleanliness just in 30 seconds which is almost 5 times shorter than the time; the manual brush takes i.e. 3 minutes.

To spend on it is worth each penny!

It is a battery powered brush that does not require any power station. Its complete package offers you the following constituents:

• The 30 Second Smile Brush
• Designer Stand
• 2 sets of brush head; ultra soft and standard
• Tongue scraper
• Travel Case
• Instruction manual
• One year warranty card

Special Features of 30 Second Smile:

The brush is especially designed for those who want thorough and gentle brushing without hanging just for the brands’ name. With its bristles on the bottom and top, you may not think that it works in the same way in which you have to bite down which allows the automatic massaging.  People having severe dental issues are not the right users instead it is designed for the ones who want to take real oral care of their teeth.  After having its use, you need a mouthwash and floss. It works effectively for removing plaque and helps in preventing rapid buildup of tartar.

Benefits:

Here I want to tell that 30 Seconds Smile is an electric brush which costs though more than a simple vibrating head but quite  lot less than an electric Oral Care tooth brush. It works quite gently and makes your gums refreshing with its automatic working. Below are some of its special working features:

• There are total 6 heads for cleaning gums and teeth for every angle.
• Cleans gums gently
• Cheaper than other same working electric tooth brushes
• Can be switched to softer bristles if gentle brushing is required
• Cuts down gingivitis better than a regular brush

Draw Backs:

Although 30 Seconds Smile is found to be highly effective in brushing yet it has some negative features which are highlighted below:

• It’s tricky to use and you feel that you are putting in a dental machine.
• Needs battery while the given stand is not a power station.
• Warranty gets void if the case gets wet.
• It does not replace mouthwash or flossing.
• If one is in habit of vigorous brushing, he may not enjoy its gentleness.

Final Verdict:

This is a good product in overall review. Anyhow, to encounter its few of drawbacks, you can have 30 days risk-free trial. And if you are manual user of brushing, you may get a lower grade electric brush before getting one this. Once, you are accustomed to it, you can go for this special product which gives you an extra benefit that you will need to visit dentist in 10-12 months instead of every 5-6 months.

Such small devices work great and bring the best health safety measures. Such techniques must be promoted on the planet regardless of nation and geography. Human success is only possible through mutual sharing and caring. Though, these little devices are thought to be an essential of developed countries. Yet, I do believe, our state government must bring these on a low price for its people. This can be a great temptation and encouragement for amateur workers and students. No wonders if tomorrow we have our own techniques better than these.

By: Ammarah Khan

Sex in the Modern Society 21 Apr 2012 1:30 AM (12 years ago)

Society has always been the measuring benchmark for determining different human attitudes particularly sex. In past sex was closely tied to the bonds of the religion and anything done out of the way was strictly condemned and restricted. Sex and society are in parallel relationship. As other social factors evolved through the passing time; sex also got step to move ahead on the ladder letting people break the bonds, state prohibitions involving in the sensuous excitement to have new experiments on partners and the way of partnership. Modern society brings multiple sexual patterns revealing that human sexual attitude does not need to follow any philosophy or doctrine for driving erotic pleasure.

Coming closer today, the informal course of dating where two individuals from the opposite genders wanted to have courtship before they get married gradually smokes. This dating required money to hire a place out of the woman’s home where the two mates can enjoy the long night sexual pleasure. The ultimate purpose of this dating was to choose a partner having the experiment if one can have sexual satisfaction with the partner. As indicated earlier this type of dating was over in the later years where marriage was not the sole purpose of life.

The society became more open and females had more freedom and liberty for enjoying their feminine qualities. This gave birth to frequent pre-marital sex. The basic problem of the female was resolved as the pill came in the market and soon was opted by the millions of women having pre marital sex. This revealed that dating was no more necessary as there were several other ways to interact with the opposite sex. It was commonly used as weekend entertainment especially by the young girls and boys. It became hard to find any woman in the town whose claim of being virgin was found true.

As long as the secularization covered its journey, sex also went through modernization. Many socialists raised voice that marrying means the subjugation of a woman to a man where she loses the freedom of having sexual liberty. The idea brought great wonders and people lurked to opt the new sexual pattern. Women believed in “motherhood oppresses a woman”. Since a huge shift of random mating was observed. This courtship did not involve any pledge or commitment for being bound to one individual. Each partner was free to choose another one for having sexual mating for the next time. It made sex very popular even in very restricted societies.

As the industrialization grew, intimacy involved more than two individuals. It was the introduction of the group sex. Group sex had several men and women terribly involved in sucking, penetrating and conceiving one another. This became popular in West within no time. The group sex often invited people of the same caste, creed and color to have sexual drives among them. This was more popular in college girls and boys who used it only for the fun and entertainment purposes.

Group sex removed all reminiscent of possession if there left any. It made people to believe that men and women are made for each other for providing sexual pleasure no matter in what way.

The story did not end here. Modern society brought another sexual pattern in the line. It was homosexuality. Yes, women are having sex with women; men getting in the sexual intercourse with men. Psychologists believe it is unnatural and is result of any disorder where the socialists call it personal freedom of individual.

Sex has been one of the human aspects which has gone through several transitions and is still expected to appear at another level. This is one among such human instincts that cannot be denied in any set up of the society. It started with the maturity of first adult on the earth and will continue till our planet dies out. The only thing that one should take care of is the respect of certain norms and traditions one’s society expects its citizens to follow. This is the only way that humanity can survive out of the hostility. And like every other problem, I’ll associate its solution with the education.

By: Ammarah Khan

Sat Tutoring 18 Apr 2012 2:22 AM (12 years ago)

Before you wonder on knowing what the article is about; let me tell you what is sat? Sat is the college admission test in United States which is published and owned by the College Board. The test is basically aimed at knowing the readiness of the student seeking admission in college. This is a parameter that one has to meet for securing one’s admission in a USA registered college. If you have a boom of becoming a USA student; sat is a must for you to pass. United States entertains the sat conduction seven times in a year. If you are familiar with the sat structure, it will be in your knowledge that the test comprises of 3 parts including Mathematics which is also known as Quantitative section (for which sat math tips are available), critical reading and Writing.

Tips for taking the sat make a big deal of the prep guides which are sold in millions every month.

A good know how of sat tips and tricks enables you to have a good and tricky grip over your preparation. Sat test taking tips has made the job easy for millions of individuals who hover to be a part of the college community in United States. Tips for the sat are updated from time to time so that learners can have the latest document.

Many of students come with the broken heart claiming that the comprehension part was the most tough which obstructed their way to the success. The solution can be found by having a keen study of sat reading comprehension tips. Sat reading tips can make you deal with the reading section in a very easy and comfortable manner. Reading section involves two sections of 25 minutes each and one section of 20 minutes.  There are thousands of sat critical reading tips available which can enable you to keep at the pace of what the test demands.

The same is with sat Mathematics section. Sat study tips give a detail description of all the dealing ways about each section.

Writing section involves two parts; multiple choice questions and a brief essay. Sat writing section tips are pretty helpful for making a sure way to success. All what is needed is your attentive concentration and the focus on these tips for having a store full of knowledge and practice. If you are worried about essay grammar; sat grammar tips can be found very helpful.

You must have heard hassle of the people around seeking where to get sat tips from. This question is really important to be answered as the quality of the sat essay tips determines your preparation if you are serious in taking sat exam. If you truly know the reliable sat writing tips; you can be a sure winner.

There are number of online sites and the organizations the enrollment of which enables you to get the complete package for the prep of sat. The choice of the institution and the sat testing tips is very important as these are two milestones which prepare the track of success for you. The only thing that needs precaution is to keep aware of the fraudulent and the deceitful people online looting the individuals by receiving high costs but giving fake sat taking tips. You must take the services of only those sites which are registered and have an issued license.

Individuals must go and get such updated education to increase the chances of their employment. This is perhaps the only way, one can hope to have a consistent progress and promotion in information technology. Not only at individual levels, yet such education must be supervised by government institutions as this helps a lot to make a country prosper. If you look at the top developed countries, you’ll find there are dozens of such institutions that promote this type of education.

The real fact is that the world realizes the importance of an updated status of IT and its education. So, people around the planet don’t hesitate to spend dollars on their certifications. They know that each penny they spend, they’ll get back it. A horizon of bright careers is always open for such ardent individuals who pursue IT and related things.

By: Ammarah Khan

Design Concepts for Any Halloween Party- Orange and Brown 17 Apr 2012 10:10 PM (12 years ago)

Limited color choice for the Halloween now brings the matter narrow to the scale. When designing the theme of your Halloween party; you must be bombarded with the suggestions on what to choose in colors and some might have gone farther by giving you some demo used in some previous Halloweens. All who are selective and choosy in their Halloween arrangements undergo this. What to choose and what not to choose? That’s no more a question when it comes to Halloween. The orange and brown scheme is the adopted far and wide to bring a scary touch in the party. So, the real question is how to choose and what to buy?

All concerns of you regarding Halloween colors must take in these two color design scheme. If you are exhausted and desperate to have been through the long and the boring series of old and sloppy designs; you must come to us and feel relieved with all of the pain for choosing the design concept. We have been through these services for the long year’s time and our designs are the outcome of what our professional and creative designers have searched for the people’s demand and required look. We have conducted an open forum survey which brought us to know that orange and brown are the most wanted and demanded colors when it comes to Halloween.

We went through the local markets and visited the online sellers for knowing the reason what had led people to get exasperated with the offered stuff. There we came to know the reason it was the maltreatment of colors woven in the designs of the Halloween. Thus we came to know how delicate is the matter of the choice of the color can be when it comes to Halloween designs?

Anyhow a designer can make you amazed by the rich texture and the fine color scheme he may shade using orange and brown on the canvass. The strokes are wonderful and are the reflective of the Halloween theme. You feel yourself spellbound by the rich imagery and the unique concepts given in the designs. These are the ones you will never get out of store and away from any site. You can have a detailed look with the specification of each design by logging in to Halloween sites. The specifications tell the work done off the screen like time, designer’s name and the stuff used.

These designs are found in multiple variety schemes with the benefits of display through various ways and styles. You can choose any one of these as per your ease. The wall hangings, screen displays and the roof masking are offered using the vivid color scheme making your Halloween as entertaining as it can be giving it a mist of magic and supernatural element. You can also find the drafts of the designs available if you want any one of them to be applied.

Candles Make Your Halloween

Spooky Candle Designs

Halloween arrangement always brings the big things to deal with. One of the big issues is to find the right type and design of the candles for making your Halloween scary and entertaining as well. You may have been looking around for finding the best spooky candles in the town. You must not wonder if you are fed up with the old raged and vexed designs found at the market; as this needs innovation and spooky candles bring that to you.

Getting the right thing and making the price in your budget is the fortune that you can enjoy by making right decision. There are two difficulties that you must be coming across when to find the best available Halloween candles in the market; either you don’t find them at all or you can’t afford them. The second dilemma leaves you with no other option but to compromise with the quality of the design and get what is available in your budget. But you can deal the issue by making a survey of online market and you can enjoy your choice with freedom not with compulsion.  Thus take your time to choose the fantastic candles for your great Halloween.

By: Ammarah Khan

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 17 Apr 2012 2:27 AM (12 years ago)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a spectrum of chronic idiopathic inflammatory intestinal conditions. IBD causes significant gastrointestinal symptoms that include diarrhoea, abdominal pain, bleeding, anaemia, and weight loss. IBD also is associated with a spectrum of extra intestinal manifestations, including arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, sclerosing cholangitis, uveitis, iritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and erythema nodosum.

IBD conventionally is divided into two major subtypes: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Ulcerative colitis is characterized by confluent mucosal inflammation of the colon starting at the anal verge and extending proximally for a variable extent (e.g., proctitis, left-sided colitis, or pancolitis). Crohn’s disease, by contrast, is characterized by transmural inflammation of any part of the gastrointestinal tract but most commonly the area adjacent to the ileocecal valve. The inflammation in Crohn’s disease is not necessarily confluent, frequently leaving “skip areas” of relatively normal mucosa. The transmural nature of the inflammation may lead to fibrosis and strictures or, alternatively, fistula formation.

Medical therapy for IBD is problematic. Because no unique abnormality has been identified, current therapy for IBD seeks to dampen the generalized inflammatory response; however, no agent can reliably accomplish this, and the response of an individual patient to a given medicine may be limited and unpredictable. Based on this variable response, clinical trials generally employ standardized quantitative assessments of efficacy that take into account both clinical and laboratory parameters (e.g., the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index). The disease also exhibits marked fluctuations in activity¾even in the absence of therapy¾leading to a significant “placebo effect” in therapeutic trials.

Specific goals of pharmacotherapy in IBD include controlling acute exacerbations of the disease, maintaining remission, and treating specific complications such as fistulas. Specific drugs may be better suited for one or the other of these aims. For example, steroids remain the treatment of choice for moderate to severe flares but are inappropriate for long-term use because of side effects and their inability to maintain remission. Other immunosuppressives, such as azathioprine, that require several weeks to achieve their therapeutic effect have a limited role in the acute setting but are preferred for long-term management.

For many years glucocorticoids and sulfasalazine were the mainstays of medical therapy for IBD. More recently, medicines used in other immune/inflammatory conditions, such as azathioprine and cyclosporine, have been adapted for IBD therapy. A more thorough appreciation of the intricacies of the inflammatory response and improved biotechnology have led to the development of biological agents that can target single steps in the immune cascade. Drug delivery to the appropriate site(s) along the gastrointestinal tract also has been a major challenge, and second-generation agents have been created with improved drug delivery, increased efficacy, and decreased side effects.
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic idiopathic inflammatory disorders of the GI tract; a summary of proposed pathogenic events and potential sites of therapeutic intervention. While Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis share a number of gastrointestinal and extra intestinal manifestations and can respond to a similar array of drugs, emerging evidence suggests that they result from fundamentally distinct pathogenetic mechanisms. Histologically, the transmural lesions in Crohn’s disease exhibit marked infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages, granuloma formation, and submucosal fibrosis, whereas the superficial lesions in ulcerative colitis have lymphocytic and neutrophilic infiltrates. Within the diseased bowel in Crohn’s disease, the cytokine profile includes increased levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-g, and tumours necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), findings characteristic of T-helper 1 (T_H1)-mediated inflammatory processes. In contrast, the inflammatory response in ulcerative colitis resembles more closely that mediated by the T_H2 pathway.

Important insights into pathogenesis also have emerged from genetic analyses of Crohn’s disease. Mutations in a gene called nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2, also called CARD15) are associated with both familial and sporadic Crohn’s disease in Caucasians. NOD2 is expressed in monocytes, granulocytes, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells. It is proposed to function as an intracellular sensor for bacterial infection by recognizing peptidoglycans, thereby playing an important role in the natural immunity to bacterial pathogens. Consistent with this model, other studies have identified bacterial antigens, including pseudomonal protein I2 and a flagellin protein, as dominant super antigens that induce the T_H1 response in Crohn’s disease (shown as bacterial products. Thus these converging experimental approaches are generating novel insights into the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease that soon may translate into novel therapeutic approaches to IBD.

First-line therapy for mild to moderate ulcerative colitis generally involves mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid, or 5-ASA). The archetype for this class of medications is sulfasalazine, which consists of 5-ASA linked to sulfapyridine by an azo bond. Although this drug was developed originally as therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, clinical trials demonstrated a beneficial effect on the gastrointestinal symptoms of subjects with concomitant ulcerative colitis. Sulfasalazine represents one of the first examples of an oral drug that is delivered effectively to the distal gastrointestinal tract. Given individually, either 5-ASA or sulfapyridine is absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract; the azo linkage in sulfasalazine prevents absorption in the stomach and small intestine, and the individual components are not liberated for absorption until colonic bacteria cleave the bond. 5-ASA is now regarded as the therapeutic moiety, with little, if any, contribution by sulfapyridine.

The effects of glucocorticoids on the inflammatory response are numerous and well documented. Although glucocorticoids are universally recognized as effective in acute exacerbations, their use in either ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease involves considerable challenges and pitfalls, and they are indicated only for moderate to severe IBD. Because the same issues have an impact on steroid use in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, they are addressed together.

Several drugs developed initially for cancer chemotherapy or as immunosuppressive agents in organ transplants have been adapted for treatment of IBD. While their initial use in IBD was based on their immunosuppressive effects, their specific mechanisms of action are unknown. Increasing clinical experience has defined specific roles for each of these medicines as mainstays in the pharmacotherapy of IBD. However, both real and potential side effects mandate a careful assessment of potential risks and benefits in each patient.

By: Ammarah Khan

Crisis of General Motors 16 Apr 2012 5:10 AM (12 years ago)

The last decade brought many financial difficulties for General Motors and the company faces many upheavals. It bid bye to its major shareholders, took wrong decisions, kept consistency and stubborn attitude on implementing the wrong made policies and finally found them being kicked out of the automotive market. Had it been another or any small company, you may assume that soon its models will be out and people will find themselves in hassle how to get rid of the taken vehicles from the company but surely this is not the case with GM.

General Motors continued its growth and managed to take it out of the storm. It was not as easy yet it forced the company directors and the policy makers to think seriously and plan some strategies to cope with the crisis. The company took certain steps which somehow brought it back to the market. It compromised on the engineers and kept its products going in the plants for having the business alive. One of the genius examples of compromising on the engineering is the trimming of Hummer’s width. When Hummer V3 was launched, the customers wanted it to be wider as being a small truck or pick up. Very genius, GM trimmed 6 inches which widened the vehicle and saved millions of dollars.

This is not old less than a decade that General Motors marked the giant position in the world auto vehicle industry. Though it suffered many financial crises and the economic distress yet it healed back and bounced its business right in the next years. The company was under worst conditions of financial stability on account of the one of the worst crises faced by it in 2005-06. All was caused due to the threat alarming business made by Toyota which led GM quite aside and exceeded its brands sales and surely became the giant threat for GM.

General Motors tried to save the reputation of not only of the company but also thought of the revival of the auto vehicle industry in United States. This led him to make certain strategies and plans. These devised strategies felt General Motors in the whirlpool where it has to pay heavy price charges instead of securing its sales back. Though there were multiple strategic plans which caused this economic disaster of GM, yet the most important to be mentioned is its contract with FIAT made in the year of 2000. It was a mega deal made between two giant companies whose sole aim was the restoration of automotive industry.

FIAT is one of the founder companies of automotives in Europe. It rules over the European market yet has the declining sales in japans and American automotive markets while Japanese brands hold a significant size of the US auto market. The true essence of the deal died with the CEO of FIAT. As per one of the conditions, FIAT had a right to compel GM for buying the remaining shares of the company. GM decided to take off the deal and accepted the heavy penalty paid to FIAT. The strategic contract failed between two companies and as it was violated by GM, it has to pay off heavy price charges.

One of the main reasons for the crisis of 2005 was the outbreak of two huge wars led by United States on Iraq and Afghanistan. These led to the sudden rise of oil price in the world market which led consumers to give the demand of high petrol consuming vehicles. This factor brought a general power recession period in US market and many companies and stakeholders faced the decline in sales and some were ceased and bankrupt.

Bankruptcy and the general power recession performed very major role in the fall down and the crises of General Motors. The company ran on the debt because it has already made a policy for the customers to own a car on credit. Company failed to borrow money needed to drag itself out from the storm of this financial disaster.

One of the misstep taken by GM was the high prices of the stickers. With the period of recession, many companies offered low sticker prices while GM kept the same high sticker price. This took GM’s customers away and they considered the cars of the competitor companies which offered low sticker prices. It was very late that GM realized that its slow financing deals and high rebates is very damaging and can bring the disastrous effects on its sales. But it was too late for the company to recover the loss.

Another common but the great mistake made by GM was the wrong policy of advertisement. It kept on emphasizing the promotion of the heavy incentives while the car was always found in the background. This wrong advertisement policy did not let the customer to consider the car instead of the incentive policy offered by GM.

By: Ammarah Khan

ANGINA PECTORIS 14 Apr 2012 5:53 AM (12 years ago)

Angina pectoris, the primary symptom of ischemic heart disease, is caused by transient episodes of myocardial ischemia that are due to an imbalance in the myocardial oxygen supply-demand relationship. This imbalance may be caused by an increase in myocardial oxygen demand (which is determined by heart rate, ventricular contractility, and ventricular wall tension) or by a decrease in myocardial oxygen supply (primarily determined by coronary blood flow but occasionally modified by the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood) or sometimes by both. Since blood flow is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the artery’s luminal radius, the progressive decrease in vessel radius that characterizes coronary atherosclerosis can impair coronary blood flow and lead to symptoms of angina when myocardial oxygen demand increases, as with exertion (so-called typical angina pectoris).

In some patients, anginal symptoms may occur without any increase in myocardial oxygen demand but rather as a consequence of abrupt reduction in blood flow, as might result from coronary thrombosis (unstable angina) or vasospasm (variant or Prinzmetal angina). Regardless of the precipitating factors, the sensation of angina is similar in most patients. Typical angina is experienced as a heavy, pressing sub sternal discomfort (rarely called “pain”), often radiating to the left shoulder, flexor aspect of the left arm, jaw, or epigastrium. However, a significant minority of patients notes discomfort in a different location or of a different character. Women, the elderly, and diabetics are more likely to have ischemia with atypical symptoms. In most patients with typical angina, whose symptoms are provoked by exertion, the symptoms are relieved by rest or by administration of sublingual nitro-glycerine.

Angina pectoris is a common symptom, affecting more than 6 million Americans. Angina pectoris may occur in a stable pattern over many years or may become unstable, increasing in frequency or severity and even occurring at rest. In typical stable angina, the pathological substrate is usually fixed atherosclerotic narrowing of an epicardial coronary artery, on which exertion or emotional stress superimposes an increase in myocardial oxygen consumption. In variant angina, focal or diffuse coronary vasospasm episodically reduces coronary flow. Patients also may display a mixed pattern of angina with the addition of altered vessel tone on a background of atherosclerotic narrowing. In most patients with unstable angina, rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, with consequent platelet adhesion and aggregation, decreases coronary blood flow. Plaques with thinner fibrous caps are more “vulnerable” to rupture.

Myocardial ischemia also may be silent, with electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, or radionuclide evidence of ischemia appearing in the absence of symptoms. While some patients have only silent ischemia, most patients who have silent ischemia have symptomatic episodes as well. The precipitants of silent ischemia appear to be the same as those of symptomatic ischemia. We now know that the ischemic burden, i.e., the total time a patient is ischemic each day, is greater in many patients than was recognized previously. In most trials, the agents that are efficacious in conventional angina are also efficacious in reducing silent ischemia. b Adrenergic receptor antagonists appear to be more effective than the Ca²⁺ channel blockers in the prevention of episodes.

Therapy directed at abolishing all silent ischemia has not been shown to be of additional benefit over conventional therapy.
The major drugs are nitro vasodilators, b adrenergic receptor antagonists, Ca²⁺ channel antagonists, and in stable and unstable angina, antiplatelet agents as well as statins (HMG CoA-reductase inhibitors), which may have a role in stabilizing the vulnerable plaque. All approved antianginal agents improve the balance of myocardial oxygen supply and demand, increasing supply by dilating the coronary vasculature or decreasing demand by reducing cardiac work. Increasing the cardiac extraction of oxygen from the blood is not a practical therapeutic goal.

Drugs used in typical angina function principally by reducing myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing heart rate, myocardial contractility, and/or ventricular wall stress. Patients with mild or moderate stable angina, who do not have left ventricular dysfunction, may be managed effectively with sublingual glyceryl trinitrate and regular administration of a beta-blocker. If necessary a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker and then a long-acting nitrate may be added. For those without left ventricular dysfunction and in whom beta-blockers are inappropriate, diltiazem or verapamil may be given and a long-acting nitrate may be added if symptom control is not adequate. For those intolerant of standard treatment, or where standard treatment has failed, nicorandil may be tried.

For angina in patients with left ventricular dysfunction a long-acting nitrate or a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker, such as amlodipine or felodipine should be used alone, or in combination, to prevent clinical deterioration; nicorandil can also be considered as an alternative treatment. Increasingly, a beta-blocker is also used in clinically stable patients; treatment should be started at a very low dose and titrated very slowly over a period of weeks or months.

By contrast, the principal therapeutic goal in unstable angina is to increase myocardial blood flow; strategies include the use of antiplatelet agents and heparin to reduce intracoronary thrombosis and coronary stents or coronary bypass surgery to restore flow by mechanical means. The therapeutic aim in variant or Prinzmetal angina is to prevent coronary vasoplasm.

Antianginal agents may provide prophylactic or symptomatic treatment, but b adrenergic receptor antagonists also reduce mortality apparently by decreasing the incidence of sudden cardiac death associated with myocardial ischemia and infarction. The treatment of cardiac risk factors can reduce the progression or even lead to the regression of atherosclerosis. Aspirin is used routinely in patients with myocardial ischemia, and daily aspirin use reduces the incidence of clinical events. Other antiplatelet agents such as oral clopidogrel and intravenous anti-integrin drugs such as abciximab, tirofiban, and eptifibatide have been shown to reduce morbidity in patients with angina who undergo coronary artery stenting.

Lipid-lowering drugs such as the statins reduce mortality in patients with hypercholesterolemia with or without known coronary artery disease. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors also reduce mortality in patients with coronary disease. Coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary interventions such as angioplasty and coronary artery stent deployment can complement pharmacological treatment. In some subsets of patients, percutaneous or surgical revascularization may have a survival advantage over medical treatment alone. Intracoronary drug delivery using drug-eluting coronary stents represents an intersection of mechanical and pharmacological approaches in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Novel therapies that modify the expression of vascular or myocardial cell genes eventually may become an important part of the therapy of ischemic heart disease.

By: Ammarah Khan

Alcohol Interventions Restore Life 10 Apr 2012 7:52 AM (13 years ago)

Alcohol has become an addiction more than a drug. Thousands of individuals ruin their lives and futures by getting addict of alcohol. Alcohol in itself may not be as hazardous yet it makes people habitual and develops a tendency in them to go for other drugs as well. Though, now days, it is difficult to claim that one never takes alcohol as a small quantity of alcohol is found in all cold drinks, drinks, scents and perfumes. Even it is also mixed with lime water by teenagers. Within the recent decade many alcohol interventions strategies are set by the Health Ministry of United States.

The first target of all drug and alcohol intervention programs is to educate people. There are many drug addicts who do not know the negative side of the picture and take it as fun or merry making. Many adults’ as well young school/ college going students feel strong temptation for drugs and ultimately start taking them. All these intervention programs aim at educating people how these drugs can prove killer for their life and how cruelly it rusts their organs of body. Developed countries have spent millions of dollars to support such programs and many of these programs are run in the supervision of the government.

Many of drug addicts are successfully gone through alcohol intervention programs and now are living successful and healthy life. Such patients are kept in special environment under strict supervision and gradually are brought towards normal life. For such successful living, the foremost important thing is of patient’s willingness and cooperation. Some unwilling and stubborn patients take relatively tough time to show some improvement. Many NGO’s provide annual grant for running of these programs and show keen interest in big projects. With every passing day, one or the other individual is reported to be treated by such programs.

Today when human life is always vulnerable, the need of the day is to get these intervention services for the addicts found in society. Some people assume that these interventions are good for nothing and waste money and time. This thought has gone falsified by the healthy young people who had gone through the treatment. Through good social programs and general awareness the ratio of alcohol addicts can be lessened to a great extent.

Parents play an important role in the development of amateur habits, this is necessary to consult some intervention program if they feel their child is getting victim of drugs. Media can spread the news of alcohol interventions and can prove very helpful in securing young people’s lives. This is important to give strong advertisement based on logical concepts. A country’s prosperity depends upon the fact how healthier its people are and drug addiction certainly weakens a nation.

Intervention Services Promise a Better Tomorrow

Drugs have victimized many lives and have proved entirely fatal for human life. With every passing day, one or the other person becomes a victim of drugs and finishes his life with his own hands. These drugs are like slow poison that seep through human organs gradually and eventually make them numb. Drug addiction is not something new, but the ratio of people loving it is astonishing indeed. Many teenagers feel great attraction and take it as a status symbol and become addicted forever. Though such cases cannot be finished completely, yet intervention services can help to control them.

If one thinks that intervention programs bring magic along and can bring cure overnight, he may get disappointed. All drug intervention programs work slowly and treat patient more on psychological level than on the physical one. The real thing is to create an urge in the patient that he gets desirous to get rid of his addiction. The stage where it is done is the real starting point. Along with the psychological treatment, special prepared medicines are used to replace the drugs. Initially a heavy dose of them is given to patient but it is decreased gradually. Ultimately a time comes where patient does not feel any need of taking one or the other medicine regularly.

There are ample chances that a person recovered once, may get addict for second time. Such cases are severe and need strong and vigilant supervision. Many a times, at the final stage these patients eventually fail to fight against the effects of drugs because of intense weak immunity system and die. Every state tries its best to reduce the number of opium eaters and drug addicted. For this reason many educational and general awareness programs are also run. These programs mainly target the young people as they are at initial stage and can be cured immediately.

The important thing is not to reduce the number of addicts only yet attention should also be paid to uproot such selling systems. The government should strictly ban all the selling and purchase of drugs. In many under developed countries, drugs are run as a proper business. A strong wave of anti drugs must be blown here supervised by the state or government. To assure that there is no such trade in country, there should be strong check and balance system and drug selling must be declared a serious crime by the state.

Many intervention services are available today that help to cure the patient and bring them to normal life. With the increasing awareness, people consulting these services are increasing day by day. This is famous saying that “What cannot be treated must be cured” and these services certainly bring cure.

By: Ammarah Khan

Some More About Malaria 4 Apr 2012 2:22 AM (13 years ago)

Being a part of my last article, here are more facts about Malaria that I promised to bring on light. Some erythrocytic parasites differentiate into sexual forms known as gametocytes. After infected blood is ingested by a female mosquito, exflagellation of the male gametocyte is followed by fertilization of the female gametocyte in the insect gut. The resulting zygote, which develops as an oocyst in the gut wall, eventually gives rise to sporozoites, which invade the salivary gland of the mosquito. The insect then can infect a human host by taking a blood meal.

Symptomatic malaria is typified by high spiking fevers that may have a periodic pattern (see above), chills, headache, myalgias, malaise, and gastrointestinal symptoms. In addition, each Plasmodium species causes a distinct illness: (1) P. falciparum is the most dangerous. By invading erythrocytes of any age, sequestering in the vasculature, and producing endotoxin-like products, this species can cause an overwhelming parasitemia, hypoglycaemia, and shock with multiorgan failure. Delay in treatment may lead to death.

If treated early, the infection usually responds within 48 hours. If treatment is inadequate, recrudescence of infection may result. (2) P. vivax infection has a low mortality rate in untreated adults and is characterized by relapses caused by the reactivation of latent tissue forms. (3) P. ovale causes a malarial infection with a periodicity and relapses similar to those of P. vivax, but it is milder. (4) P. malariae causes a generally indolent infection that is common in localized areas of the tropics. Clinical attacks may occur years or decades after infection.
Antimalarials can be categorized by the stage of the parasite that they affect and by their intended use for either prophylaxis or treatment. The various stages of the malaria life cycle that occur in humans differ from one another not only in their morphology and metabolism but also in their drug sensitivity. For this reason, the classification of antimalarials drugs is best done in the context of the life cycle.

The tabulated spectrum of activity leads to several generalizations. The first relates to prophylaxis: Since none of the drugs kills sporozoites, it is not truly possible to prevent infection but only to prevent the development of symptomatic malaria caused by the asexual erythrocytic forms. The second relates to treatment of an established infection: None of the antimalarials is effective against all liver and red cell stages of the life cycle that may coexist in the same patient. Complete cure therefore may require more than one drug.

The patterns of clinically useful activity fall into three general classes. Class I agents are not reliable against primary or latent liver stages or against P. falciparum gametocytes. Their action is directed against the asexual erythrocytic forms. These drugs will treat, or prevent, clinically symptomatic malaria. When used prophylactically, the class I drugs must be taken for several weeks after exposure until parasites complete the liver phase and become susceptible to therapy. The spectrum is somewhat expanded for the class II agents, which target not only the asexual erythrocytic forms but also the primary liver stages of P. falciparum. This additional activity shortens to several days the required period for post exposure prophylaxis. Finally, primaquine is unique in its spectrum of activity, which includes reliable efficacy against primary and latent liver stages as well as gametocytes. Primaquine has no place in the treatment of symptomatic malaria but rather is used most commonly to eradicate the hypnozoites of P. vivax and P. ovale, which are responsible for relapsing infections.

Aside from their antiparasitic activity, the utility of antimalarials for prophylaxis or therapy is dictated by their pharmacokinetics and safety. Thus, quinine and primaquine, which have short half-lives and common toxicities, generally are reserved for treatment of established infection and not used for prophylaxis in a healthy traveller. In contrast, chloroquine is relatively safe and has a one-week half-life that is convenient for prophylactic dosing (in those few areas still reporting chloroquine-sensitive malaria).

Older classifications of the antimalarials are defined extensively in the 10th edition of this book. Briefly, causal prophylactics act on the initial hepatic stages, drugs for terminal prophylaxis and radical cure target hypnozoites, and agents for suppressive prophylaxis or cure target the asexual red cell forms.

By: Ammarah Khan

MALARIA 3 Apr 2012 6:04 AM (13 years ago)

Malaria especially that is caused by Plasmodium falciparum is the world’s most devastating human parasitic infection. Malaria afflicts nearly 500 million people and causes some 2 million deaths each year. Infection with P. falciparum, which preferentially affects children younger than 5 years of age, pregnant women, and nonimmune individuals, is responsible for nearly all this mortality. Although mosquito-transmitted malaria now is rare in North America, Europe, and Russia, its increasing prevalence in many other parts of the world poses a major international health and economic burden and a serious risk to travellers from nonendemic areas.

Inexpensive and safe drugs, insecticides, and ultimately, vaccines still are needed to combat malaria. In the 1950s, attempts to eradicate this scourge failed primarily because of the development of resistance to insecticides. Since 1960, transmission of malaria has risen in most regions where the infection is endemic, drug-resistant strains of P. falciparum have spread, and the degree of drug resistance has increased. More recently, chloroquine-resistant strains of P. vivax also have been documented.

Nearly all human malaria is caused by four species of obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus Plasmodium. Although malaria can be transmitted by transfusion of infected blood, congenitally, and by sharing needles, infection usually is transmitted by the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Sporozoites from the mosquito salivary glands rapidly enter the circulation after a bite and localize via specific recognition events in hepatocytes, where they transform, multiply, and develop into tissue schizonts. This primary asymptomatic tissue (preerythrocytic or exoerythrocytic) stage of infection lasts for 5 to 15 days, depending on the Plasmodium species. Tissue schizonts then rupture each releasing thousands of merozoites that enter the circulation, invade erythrocytes, and initiate the erythrocytic cycle.

Once the tissue schizonts burst in P. falciparum and P. malariae infections, no forms of the parasite remain in the liver. However, in P. vivax and P. ovale infections, tissue parasites (hypnozoites) persist that can produce relapses of erythrocytic infection months to years after the primary attack. Once plasmodia enter the erythrocytic cycle, they cannot reinvade the liver; thus, there is no tissue stage of infection for malaria contracted by transfusion. In erythrocytes, most parasites undergo asexual development from young ring forms to trophozoites and finally to mature schizonts.

Schizont-containing erythrocytes rupture, each releasing 6 to 32 merozoites depending on the Plasmodium species. It is this process that produces febrile clinical attacks. The merozoites invade more erythrocytes to continue the cycle, which proceeds until death of the host or modulation by drugs or acquired partial immunity. The periodicity of parasitemia and febrile clinical manifestations depends on the timing of schizogony of a generation of erythrocytic parasites. For P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. ovale, it takes about 48 hours to complete this process; for P. malariae, about 72 hours is required.

For erythrocyte invasion, merozoites bind to specific ligands on the red cell surface. P. falciparum has a family of binding proteins that can recognize a number of host cell molecules, including glycophorins A, B, and C, as well as band 3. It is able to invade all stages of erythrocytes and therefore can achieve high parasitemias. P. vivax is more selective in its binding; it needs to recognize the Duffy chemokine receptor protein as well as reticulocyte-specific proteins; thus, it will not establish infection in Duffy-negative individuals and will only invade reticulocytes. Because of this restricted subpopulation of suitable erythrocytes, P. vivax rarely exceeds 1% parasitemia in the bloodstream. P. ovale is similar to P. vivax in its predilection for young red blood cells, but the mechanism of its erythrocyte recognition is unknown. P. malariae recognizes only senescent red cells, maintains a very low parasitemia, and typically causes an indolent infection.

P. falciparum assembles cytoadherence proteins (the PFEMPs encoded by a highly variable family of var genes) into structures called knobs on the erythrocyte surface. This allows the parasitized erythrocyte to bind to the vascular endothelium, to avoid the spleen, and to grow in a lower oxygen environment. For the patient, the consequences are microvascular blockage in the brain and organ beds and local release of cytokines and direct vascular mediators such as nitric oxide, leading to cerebral malaria. It’s hard to capsulate everything about malaria in single article. Therefore, I’ll try to reveal some more facts in next article of mine.

By: Ammarah Khan

HYPERLIPIDAEMIA 29 Mar 2012 10:35 AM (13 years ago)

Hyperlipidaemia is a major cause of atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-associated conditions, such as coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease. Although the incidence of these atherosclerosis-related events has declined in the United States, these conditions still account for the majority of morbidity and mortality among middle-aged and older adults.

The incidence and absolute number of annual events will likely increase over the next decade because of the epidemic of obesity and the aging of the U.S. population. Dyslipidemias, including hyperlipidaemia (hypercholesterolemia) and low levels of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), are major causes of increased atherogenic risk; both genetic disorders and lifestyle (sedentary behavior and diets high in calories, saturated fat, and cholesterol) contribute to the dyslipidaemias seen in developed countries around the world.
Recognition that dyslipidemia is a risk factor has led to the development of drugs that reduce cholesterol levels. These drugs provide benefit in patients across the entire spectrum of cholesterol levels, primarily by reducing levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In well-controlled clinical trials, fatal and nonfatal CHD events and strokes were reduced by as much as 30% to 40%.

Clinical trial data support extending lipid-lowering therapy to high-risk patients whose major lipid risk factor is a reduced plasma level of HDL-C, even if their LDL-C level does not meet the existing threshold values for initiating hypolipidemic drug therapy. In patients with low HDL-C and average LDL-C levels, appropriate drug therapy reduced CHD endpoint events by 20% to 35%. Since two-thirds of patients with CHD in the United States have low HDL-C levels (<40 mg/dl), it is important to include low-HDL patients in management guidelines for dyslipidemia, even if their LDL-C levels are in the normal range.

Severe hypertriglyceridemia (i.e., triglyceride levels of >1000 mg/dl) requires therapy to prevent pancreatitis. Moderately elevated triglyceride levels (150 to 400 mg/dl) also are of concern because they often occur as part of the metabolic syndrome, which includes insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, low HDL-C levels, and substantially increased CHD risk. The atherogenic dyslipidemia in patients with the metabolic syndrome is characterized by moderately elevated triglycerides, low HDL-C levels, and lipid-depleted LDL (sometimes referred to as “small, dense LDL”). The metabolic syndrome affects ~25% of adults and is common in CHD patients; hence, identification of moderate hypertriglyceridemia in a patient, even if the total cholesterol level is normal, should trigger an evaluation to identify this disorder.

Hyperlipidaemia (elevated levels of triglycerides or cholesterol) and reduced HDL-C levels occur as a consequence of several interrelated factors that affect the concentrations of the various plasma lipoproteins. These factors may be lifestyle or behavioural (e.g., diet or exercise), genetic (e.g., mutations in a gene regulating lipoprotein levels), or metabolic (e.g., diabetes mellitus or other conditions that influence plasma lipoprotein metabolism). An understanding of these factors requires a brief description of lipoprotein metabolism. A more detailed description can be found elsewhere.

Despite a continuing decline in the incidence of atherosclerosis-related deaths in the past 39 years, deaths from CHD, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease accounted for 38.5% of the 2.4 million deaths in the United States during 2001. Two-thirds of atherosclerosis deaths were due to CHD. About 85% of CHD deaths occurred in individuals over 65 years of age. Among the 15% dying prematurely (below age 65), 80% died during their first CHD event. Among those dying of sudden cardiac death in 1997, 50% of the men and 64% of the women had previously been asymptomatic. It is estimated that an average of 11.5 years of life are lost as a consequence of having a myocardial infarction.

These statistics illustrate the importance of identifying and managing risk factors for CHD. The major conventional risk factors are elevated LDL-C, reduced HDL-C, cigarette smoking, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, advancing age, and a family history of premature (men <55 years; women <65 years) CHD events in a first-degree relative. Control of the modifiable risk factors is especially important in preventing premature CHD. Observational studies suggest that modifiable risk factors account for 85% of excess risk (risk over and above that of individuals with optimal risk-factor profiles) for premature CHD. The presence of one or more conventional risk factors in 90% of patients with CHD belies claims that a large percentage of CHD, perhaps as much as 50%, is not attributable to conventional risk factors.

Furthermore, these studies indicate that, when total cholesterol levels are below 160 mg/dl, CHD risk is markedly attenuated, even in the presence of additional risk factors. This pivotal role of hypercholesterolemia in atherogenesis gave rise to the almost universally accepted cholesterol-diet-CHD hypothesis: elevated plasma cholesterol levels cause CHD; diets rich in saturated (animal) fat and cholesterol raise cholesterol levels; and lowering cholesterol levels reduces CHD risk. Although the relationship between cholesterol, diet, and CHD was recognized nearly 50 years ago, proof that cholesterol lowering was safe and prevented CHD death required extensive epidemiological studies and clinical trials.

More effective lipid-lowering agents and a better understanding of atherogenesis have helped to prove that aggressive lipid-lowering therapy has many beneficial effects over and above those obtained by simply decreasing lipid deposition in the arterial wall. Arteriographic trials have shown that, although aggressive lipid lowering results only in very small increases in lumen diameter, it promptly decreases acute coronary events. Lesions causing less than 60% occlusion are responsible for more than two-thirds of the acute events. Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy may prevent acute events through its positive effects on the arterial wall; it corrects endothelial dysfunction, corrects abnormal vascular reactivity (spasm), and increases plaque stability.

Atherosclerotic lesions containing a large lipid core, large numbers of macrophages, and a poorly formed fibrous cap are prone to plaque rupture and acute thrombosis. Aggressive lipid lowering appears to alter plaque architecture, resulting in fewer lipids, fewer macrophages, and a larger collagen and smooth muscle cell-rich fibrous cap. Stabilization of plaque susceptibility to thrombosis appears to be a direct result of LDL-C lowering or an indirect result of changes in cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism or arterial wall biology.

Drug therapy: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors¾the statins¾which are the most effective and best tolerated drugs currently in use for treating dyslipidemia, bile acid-binding resins, nicotinic acid (niacin), fibric acid derivatives, and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe. Despite the efficacy of drug therapy, alterations in lifestyle have a far greater potential for reducing vascular disease risk and at a lower cost.

By: Ammarah Khan

Personal Growth can Make You Successful 29 Mar 2012 10:28 AM (13 years ago)

Personal Growth has been one of the striking icons in the last century. Many organizations started taking essential steps for various types of personal growth issues. United Nations established many sub regional offices in the under developed countries for the promotion of individual’s self recognition in those areas. An up going graph of general awareness has been observed and found in overall population of the world. Striving countries have made a part of their budget specified for the promotion and establishment of some projects considering personal growth issues. These programs have been started on different scales which cater the requirements and needs of that particular age group.

Personal growth strategies are greatly emphasized in foreign countries and many institutions are working on this issue on some big platforms. Recently, in the latter half of the last century, this was greatly realized that academic education must involve personality development activities. A graduate must not only be judged on his qualifications but also by his social and personal traits. This made educational activities to bring some such elements in the syllabus that can prove beneficial in human personality establishment.

Psychologically it is said and proved that childhood is the age where the complexes take deep roots in one’s personality. If this complex is not treated or robbed away through education, it turns into instinct and becomes a part of individual’s nature. This is the age if grown and treated well; the child becomes helpful hand to the state and vice versa. The above mentioned facts are stated on highlighting how important role the childhood plays in a man’s life. So is the importance of child’s personal growth. In the last five decades of the last century, a special awareness has been injected for children’s mental growth.

There are no hard or fast syllabic rules for childhood development. It starts at child’s home. Even he learns things which are not taught to him but are happening around him on the constant basis. He observes them, his mind records them and soon you will find him adopting them. The home atmosphere serves as a milieu for a child as the objects in the classroom. His nerves and receptors are too sharp and strong to get them on. Child psychology reveals that he is the most intelligent observer and the quickest learner. You often have experienced that the children who grow with the parent who always kept on shouting and rising loud bullying tones; get terrify and undergo a complex which takes their personality on a negative track and make them complex individuals with negative thoughts. On the other hand, a child grownup in the well developed and cultured family has a balance personality with the normal way of life.

So, finding it the most important constituent of a person’s life; childhood development has been especially focused in all the renowned and developed institutions. Every educational institution spends the major part in creating the special and required environment for these programs. Highly paid tutors are hired and the most attractive furniture is placed at the places where the kids are supposed to be brought. The purpose of this entire scenario is not to make a child learn how to read or write. No, he is made familiar with the basic manners and is tempted to perform the activities in well carried way. The practical exhibition and personification of the deadly sins and virtues are repeated before them in order to enable them what and how do these affect human life.

Even in Pakistan, now the educational trend has replaced and a vivid change is seen. Special departments have made an important part of professional requisites that individuals must pass personality development tests. This has not only made educational scenario to be changed but also have realized people that education is something beyond the pages of syllabus books. The need of the day is not only to focus on the educational requirements of our children but also to ponder upon the ways how can they become an active member of society. This is the only way that we can have such a state where law will not be implemented by punishment.

By: Ammarah Khan

GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY 28 Mar 2012 8:26 AM (13 years ago)

The gastrointestinal tract is in a continuous contractile, absorptive, and secretory state. The control of this state is complex, with contributions by the muscle itself, local nerves (i.e., the enteric nervous system, ENS), the central nervous system (CNS), and humoral pathways. Of these, perhaps the most important regulator of physiological gut function is the ENS which is an autonomous collection of nerves within the wall of the GI tract, organized into two connected networks of neurons: the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus, found between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers, and the submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus, found below the epithelium. The former is responsible for motor control, while the latter regulates secretion, fluid transport, and vascular flow.

The ENS is responsible for the largely autonomous nature of most gastrointestinal activity. This activity is organized into relatively distinct programs that respond to input from the local environment of the gut and the CNS. Each program consists of a series of complex, but coordinated, patterns of secretion and movement that show regional and temporal variation. The fasting program of the gut is called the MMC (migrating myoelectric complex when referring to electrical activity and migrating motor complex when referring to the accompanying contractions) and consists of a series of four phasic activities.

The most characteristic, phase III, consists of clusters of rhythmic contractions that occupy short segments of the intestine for a period of 6 to 10 minutes before proceeding caudally. One whole MMC cycle (i.e., all four phases) takes about 80 to 110 minutes. The migrating motor complex occurs in the fasting state, during which it helps sweep debris caudad in the gut. The migrating motor complex cycles continually in animals that feed constantly, but is interrupted by another pattern of contractions¾the fed program¾in intermittently feeding animals such as humans. The fed program consists of high-frequency (12 to 15 per minute) contractions that are either propagated for short segments (propulsive) or are irregular and not propagated (mixing).

The basic motor tool used by the ENS to integrate its programs is the peristaltic reflex. Physiologically, peristalsis is a series of reflex responses to a bolus in the lumen of a given segment of the intestine; the ascending excitatory reflex results in contraction of the circular muscle on the oral side of the bolus, while the descending inhibitory reflex results in relaxation on the anal side. The net pressure gradient moves the bolus caudad. Three neural elements, responsible for sensory, relay, and effector functions, are required to produce these reflexes. Luminal factors stimulate sensory elements in the mucosa, leading to a coordinated pattern of muscle activity that is directly controlled by the motor neurons of the myenteric plexus to provide the effector component of the peristaltic reflex.

Motor neurons receive input from ascending and descending interneurons (which constitute the relay and programming systems) that are of two broad types, excitatory and inhibitory. The primary neurotransmitter of the excitatory motor neurons is acetylcholine (ACh), although tachykinins, co-released by these neurons, also play a role. The principal neurotransmitter in the inhibitory motor neurons appears to be nitric oxide (NO), although important contributions may also be made by ATP, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), all of which are variably coexpressed with NO synthase.

This view of nerve-muscle interaction within the GI tract may be oversimplified, and other cell types may be important. One of these is the interstitial cell of Cajal, distributed within the gut wall and responsible for setting the electrical rhythm, and hence the pace of contractions, in various regions of the gut. These cells also may translate or modulate neuronal communication to the muscle, by mechanisms yet to be worked out.

Control of tension in gastrointestinal smooth muscle is in large part dependent on the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration. In general, there are two types of excitation-contraction coupling. Ionotropic receptors can mediate changes in membrane potential, which in turn activate voltage-dependent Ca²⁺ channels to trigger an influx of Ca²⁺ (electromechanical coupling); metabotropic receptors activate various signal transduction pathways to release Ca²⁺ from intracellular stores (pharmacomechanical coupling). Inhibitory receptors also exist on smooth muscle and generally act via PKA and PKG, whose kinase activities can lead to hyperpolarization, decreased cytosolic [Ca²⁺], and reduced interaction of actin and myosin. As an example, NO may induce relaxation via activation of guanylyl cyclase, GMP-pathway, and the opening of several types of K⁺ channels.

Gastrointestinal motility disorders are a complex and heterogeneous group of syndromes whose pathophysiology is not completely understood. Typical motility disorders include achalasia of the esophagus (impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter associated with defective esophageal peristalsis that results in dysphagia and regurgitation), gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying), myopathic and neuropathic forms of intestinal dysmotility, and others. These disorders can be congenital, idiopathic, or secondary to systemic diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus or scleroderma). This term also has traditionally (and perhaps inaccurately) included disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome  and noncardiac chest pain in which disturbances in pain processing or sensory function may be more important than any associated motor patterns. For most of these disorders, treatment remains empirical and symptom-based, reflecting our ignorance of the specific derangements in pathophysiology involved.

Direct activation of muscarinic receptors, such as with the older cholinomimetic agents  is not a very effective strategy for treating GI motility disorders because these agents enhance contractions in a relatively uncoordinated fashion that produces little or no net propulsive activity. By contrast, prokinetic agents are medications that enhance coordinated GI motility and transit of material in the GI tract.

Although ACh, when released from primary motor neurons in the myenteric plexus, is the principal immediate mediator of muscle contractility, most of the clinically useful prokinetic agents act “upstream” of ACh, at receptor sites on the motor neuron itself, or even more indirectly, on neurons one or two orders removed from it. Although pharmacologically and chemically diverse, these agents appear to enhance the release of excitatory neurotransmitter at the nerve-muscle junction without interfering with the normal physiological pattern and rhythm of motility. Coordination of activity among the segments of the gut, necessary for propulsion of luminal contents, therefore is maintained.

By: Ammarah Khan

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE 26 Mar 2012 8:32 AM (13 years ago)

In the United States, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common, and it is estimated that one in five adults has symptoms of heartburn or gastroesophageal regurgitation at least once a week. Although most cases follow a relatively benign course, GERD in some individuals can cause severe erosive esophagitis; serious sequelae include stricture formation and Barrett’s metaplasia (replacement of squamous by intestinal columnar epithelium), which, in turn, is associated with a small but significant risk of adenocarcinoma. Most of the symptoms of GERD reflect injurious effects of the refluxed acid-peptic content on the esophageal epithelium, providing the rationale for suppression of gastric acid.

The goals of GERD therapy are complete resolution of symptoms and healing of esophagitis. Proton pump inhibitors clearly are more effective than H₂-receptor antagonists in achieving these goals. Healing rates after 4 weeks and 8 weeks of therapy with protein pump inhibitors are approximately 80% and 90%, respectively, while the corresponding healing rates with H₂-receptor antagonists are 50% and 75%, respectively. Indeed, proton pump inhibitors are so effective that their empirical use is advocated as a therapeutic trial in patients in whom GERD is suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of symptoms.

Because of the wide clinical spectrum associated with GERD, the therapeutic approach is best tailored to the level of severity in the individual patient. In general, the optimal dose for each patient is determined based upon symptom control, and routine measurement of esophageal pH to guide dosing is not recommended. Strictures associated with GERD also respond better to proton pump inhibitors than to H₂-receptor antagonists; indeed, the use of proton pump inhibitors reduces the requirement for esophageal dilation. Unfortunately, one of the other complications of GERD, Barrett’s esophagus, appears to be more refractory to therapy, as neither acid suppression nor antireflux surgery has been shown convincingly to produce regression of metaplasia or to decrease the incidence of tumours.

Regimens for the treatment of GERD with proton pump inhibitors and histamine H₂-receptor antagonists are listed. Although some patients with mild GERD symptoms may be managed by nocturnal doses of H₂-receptor antagonists, twice-daily dosing usually is required. Antacids are recommended only for the patient with mild, infrequent episodes of heartburn. In general, prokinetic agents are not particularly useful for GERD, either alone or in combination with acid-suppressant medications.

The extremely high concentration of H⁺ in the gastric lumen requires robust defense mechanisms to protect the esophagus and the stomach. The primary esophageal defense is the lower esophageal sphincter, which prevents reflux of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus. The stomach protects itself from acid damage by a number of mechanisms that require adequate mucosal blood flow, perhaps because of the high metabolic activity and oxygen requirements of the gastric mucosa. One key defense is the secretion of a mucus layer that protects gastric epithelial cells.

Gastric mucus is soluble when secreted but quickly forms an insoluble gel that coats the mucosal surface of the stomach, slows ion diffusion, and prevents mucosal damage by macromolecules such as pepsin. Mucus production is stimulated by prostaglandins E₂ and I₂, which also directly inhibit gastric acid secretion by parietal cells. Thus, alcohol, aspirin, and other drugs that inhibit prostaglandin formation decrease mucus secretion and predispose to the development of acid-peptic disease. A second important part of the normal mucosal defense is the secretion of bicarbonate ions by superficial gastric epithelial cells. Bicarbonate neutralizes the acid in the region of the mucosal cells, thereby raising pH and preventing acid-mediated damage.

GERD is a chronic disorder that requires long-term therapy. Some experts advocate “step-down” approaches that attempt to maintain symptomatic remission by either decreasing the dose of the proton pump inhibitor or switching to an H₂-receptor antagonist. Other experts have advocated intermittent, “on-demand” therapy with proton pump inhibitors for symptomatic relief in patients who have responded initially but continue to have symptoms. However, many patients will maintain their requirement for proton pump inhibitors, and several studies suggest that these drugs are better than H₂-receptor antagonists for maintaining remission in GERD.
In patients with severe symptoms or extra intestinal manifestations of GERD, twice-daily dosing with a proton pump inhibitor may be needed. However, it is difficult if not impossible to render patients achlorhydric¾even on twice-daily doses of proton pump inhibitors¾and two-thirds or more of subjects will continue to make acid, particularly at night. This phenomenon, called nocturnal acid breakthrough, has been invoked as a cause of refractory symptoms in some patients with GERD. However, decreases in gastric pH at night while on therapy generally are not associated with acid reflux into the esophagus, and the rationale for suppressing nocturnal acid secretion (even if feasible) remains to be established. Nevertheless, patients with continuing symptoms on twice-daily proton pump inhibitors are often treated by adding an H₂-receptor antagonist at night. While this can further suppress acid production, the effect is short-lived, probably due to the development of tolerance.

With varying levels of evidence, acid reflux has been implicated in a variety of atypical symptoms, including noncardiac chest pain, asthma, laryngitis, chronic cough, and other ear, nose, and throat conditions. Proton pump inhibitors have been used with some success in certain patients with these disorders, generally in higher doses and for longer periods of time than those used for patients with more classic symptoms of GERD.

Heartburn is estimated to occur in 30% to 50% of pregnancies, with an incidence approaching 80% in some populations. In the vast majority of cases, GERD ends soon after delivery and thus does not represent an exacerbation of a pre-existing condition. Nevertheless, because of its high prevalence and the fact that it can contribute to the nausea of pregnancy, treatment often is required. Treatment choice in this setting is complicated by the paucity of data for the most commonly used drugs. In general, most drugs used to treat GERD fall in FDA Category B, with the exception of omeprazole (FDA Category C).

Mild cases of GERD during pregnancy should be treated conservatively; antacids or sucralfate are considered the first-line drugs.

If symptoms persist, H₂-receptor antagonists can be used, with ranitidine having the most established track record in this setting. Proton pump inhibitors are reserved for women with intractable symptoms or complicated reflux disease. In these situations, lansoprazole is considered the preferred choice among the proton pump inhibitors, based on animal data and available experience in pregnant women. The success of acid-suppressing agents in a variety of conditions is critically dependent upon their ability to keep intragastric pH above a certain target, generally pH 3 to 5; this target varies to some extent with the disease being treated.

By: Ammarah Khan

How Can Coaching Help You in Career Building? 26 Mar 2012 8:24 AM (13 years ago)

One of the major reasons that our plenty of talented people feel themselves quite misfit even after serving many years in their professions is that they do not have what they wanted to do. Not before than 2-3 years, people were quite unaware of the importance of the career selection. Although through powerful movies and changed educational trend has injected a track of career selection yet many of our students go in the professions what their parents select. To your wonder, our students are made so confused that at times they do not realize what they are potent to do? This is one of the major drawbacks of our traditional social set up.

Career counseling is as important for career as oxygen for living beings. We do not realize the fact and advise our children to be a doctor engineer or whatever we dream of. Being parents or educationist we must acknowledge and acquire some life coaching for our students or children. Coaching not only puts a right engine on a fit track but it also helps to explore individuals what they can do indeed. In the recent years, life coaching has one of the highly paid careers.

Coaching can be defined as guiding or counseling people on their career and professional adoption. Personal coach educates you on career building, working professionally, career choosing, career changing, and professional skills in order to help you to achieve your life targets and aims. They help you to boost up your abilities to perform perfectly.

Life coach never interferes to feed you what you should do rather he shows you the right path and tells you how you should do. You never feel yourself passive in life. You aim and objectives are set by you not by your coach. Your coach just assists you in finding the track that can lead you to your destination. You learn how to behave in disappointing circumstances. If you are stuck somewhere in the mid of your business and do not find any way of fighting back or reviving it, life coach can do this for you.

He will review your circumstances in which you are struggling and will plan strategy for you, by implementing which can give you the revival of your business. He polishes your natural potential and enables you to do your tasks in effective ways. You can find many online coaching programs for your ease. Many of them are through phone and internet. However, personal type assists the best.

Members will be guided by coaches through such ways that you will really be helped in enhancing your business. Patrons are helped to enhance their proficiency so that they can perform the best when working in a team. Coaching plays an important role in the life of a patron. It leads you know some strategies to bring some changes in you and your team especially in a situation where you feel hearted to achieve the set targets. A personal coach helps you to come out of trouble and know the adoptions with which you can restart your work.

It gives you all the solutions to the problems either in managing or starting your business. So, if you want to run your business effectively, you must take the services of personal coaches to get better results. He guides techniques and methods to expand your business. He also tells about the strong points of your business. He advises you about how to tackle problems effectively. He assists you to enhance your governing and decision making capability. He coaches you to improve your administration effectively. He shows you about solutions and procedure to escape out of difficulties.

You will find various organizations which are offering excellent training for coaching. In most of the organizations you will notice that the training is given through phone and the Internet. In case you want to get live training then you have a choice to go for an abstract training program that is mainly about means of life and improving advising skills. If you have desire to be trained in many aspects of life then it is suggested to go for a longer, pricier and more detailed program, offered by different companies.

By: Ammarah Khan

DRUG ABUSE 25 Mar 2012 8:09 AM (13 years ago)

Abuse and addiction have been defined and redefined by several organizations over the past 35 years. The reason for these revisions and disagreements is that abuse and addiction are behavioural syndromes that exist along a continuum from minimal use to abuse to addictive use. While tolerance and physical dependence are biological phenomena that can be defined precisely in the laboratory and diagnosed accurately in the clinic, there is an arbitrary aspect to the definitions of the overall behavioural syndromes of abuse and addiction.

The appearance of a withdrawal syndrome when administration of the drug is terminated is the only actual evidence of physical dependence. Withdrawal signs and symptoms occur when drug administration in a physically dependent person is terminated abruptly. Withdrawal symptoms have at least two origins: (1) removal of the drug of dependence and (2) CNS hyper arousal owing to readaptation to the absence of the drug of dependence. Pharmacokinetic variables are of considerable importance in the amplitude and duration of the withdrawal syndrome. Withdrawal symptoms are characteristic for a given category of drugs and tend to be opposite to the original effects produced by the drug before tolerance developed.

Thus, abrupt termination of a drug (such as an opioid agonist) that produces meiotic (constricted) pupils and slow heart rate will produce a withdrawal syndrome including dilated pupils and tachycardia. Tolerance, physical dependence, and withdrawal are all biological phenomena. They are the natural consequences of drug use and can be produced in experimental animals and in any human being who takes certain medications repeatedly. These symptoms in themselves do not imply that the individual is involved in abuse or addiction.

Patients who take medicine for appropriate medical indications and in correct dosages still may show tolerance, physical dependence, and withdrawal symptoms if the drug is stopped abruptly rather than gradually. For example, a hypertensive patient receiving a b adrenergic receptor blocker such as metoprolol may have a good therapeutic response, but if the drug is stopped abruptly, the patient may experience a withdrawal syndrome consisting of rebound increased blood pressure temporarily higher than that prior to beginning the medication.

Medical addict is a term used to describe a patient in treatment for a medical disorder who has become “addicted” to the available prescribed drugs; the patient begins taking them in excessive doses, out of control. An example would be a patient with chronic pain, anxiety, or insomnia who begins using the prescribed medication more often than directed by the physician. If the physician restricts the prescriptions, the patient may begin seeing several doctors without the knowledge of the primary physician. Such patients also may visit emergency rooms for the purpose of obtaining additional medication.

This scenario is very uncommon, considering the large number of patients who receive medications capable of producing tolerance and physical dependence. Fear of producing such medical addict results in needless suffering among patients with pain because physicians needlessly limit appropriate medications. Tolerance and physical dependence are inevitable consequences of chronic treatment with opioids and certain other drugs, but tolerance and physical dependence by themselves do not imply “addiction.”

The treatment of physically dependent individuals will be discussed with reference to the specific drug of abuse and dependence problems characteristic to each category: CNS depressants, including alcohol and other sedatives; nicotine and tobacco; opioids; psychostimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine; cannabinoids; psychedelic drugs; and inhalants (volatile solvents, nitrous oxide, and ethyl ether). Abuse of combinations of drugs across these categories is common.

Alcohol is so widely available that it is combined with practically all other categories. Some combinations reportedly are taken because of their interactive effects. An example is the combination of heroin and cocaine (“speedball”), which will be described with the opioid category. Alcohol and cocaine is another very common combination. When confronted with a patient exhibiting signs of overdose or withdrawal, the physician must be aware of these possible combinations because each drug may require specific treatment.

The need is of the fact that every government should introduce programs to educate its people. Drug addicts eventually become a parasite for society. They do not only become great trouble for their family but for a society as well. Many skilful individuals ruin their life by taking these drugs regularly. This is sad indeed!

By: Ammarah Khan

Drug Addiction 24 Mar 2012 9:53 AM (13 years ago)

Drug Addiction is among one of the big challenges presented to every country’s government. The ratio of people getting addicted to drugs is increasing day by day. This is not only a national threat for a state yet has become international. Many young people are slept to death every year. This has provoked many NGO’s in cooperation with UNO to take a step for controlling the ratio of drug addicts. Addiction in fact is a behavioural change that influences human body functions and affects mental brilliance.

The most influential system of diagnosis for mental disorders is that published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). The APA diagnostic system uses the term substance dependence instead of “addiction” for the overall behavioural syndrome. It also applies the same general criteria to all types of drugs regardless of their pharmacological class. Although accepted widely, this terminology can lead to confusion between physical dependence and psychological dependence. The term addiction, when used here, refers to compulsive drug use, the entire substance-dependence syndrome as defined by APA. This should not be confused with physical dependence alone, a common error among physicians. Addiction is not used as a pejorative term but rather for clarity of communication.

The APA defines substance dependence (addiction) as a cluster of symptoms indicating that the individual continues use of the substance despite significant substance-related problems. Evidence of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms are included in the list of symptoms, but neither tolerance nor withdrawal is necessary or sufficient for a diagnosis of substance dependence. Dependence (addiction) requires three or more of the symptoms, whereas abuse can be diagnosed when only one or two symptoms are present. The chronic, relapsing nature of dependence (addiction) fulfils criteria for a chronic disease, but because of the voluntary component at initiation, the disease concept is controversial.

In general, effects of drugs vary among individuals. Even blood levels can show wide variation when the same dose of a drug on a milligram per kilogram basis is given to different people. Polymorphism of genes that encode enzymes involved in absorption, metabolism, and excretion and in receptor-mediated responses may contribute to the different degrees of reinforcement or euphoria observed among individuals.

Children of alcoholics show an increased likelihood of developing alcoholism, even when adopted at birth and raised by non-alcoholic parents. The studies of genetic influences in this disorder show only an increased risk for developing alcoholism, not 100% determinism, consistent with a polygenic disorder that has multiple determinants. Even identical twins, who share the same genetic endowment, do not have 100% concordance when one twin is alcoholic. However, the concordance rate for identical twins is much higher than that for fraternal twins. The abuse of alcohol and other drugs tends to have some familial characteristics, suggesting that common mechanisms may be involved.

Innate tolerance to alcohol may represent a biological trait that contributes to the development of alcoholism. Data from a longitudinal study show that sons of alcoholics have reduced sensitivity to alcohol when compared with other young men of the same age (22 years old) and drinking histories. Sensitivity to alcohol was measured as the effects of two different doses of ethanol in the laboratory on motor performance and subjective feelings of intoxication. When the men were re-examined 10 years later, those who had been most tolerant (insensitive) to alcohol at age 22 were the most likely to be diagnosed as alcohol dependent at age 32. The presence of tolerance predicted the development of alcoholism even in the group without a family history of alcoholism, but there were far fewer tolerant men in the negative-family-history group.

Physical dependence is a state that develops as a result of the adaptation (tolerance) produced by a resetting of homeostatic mechanisms in response to repeated drug use. Drugs can affect numerous systems that previously were in equilibrium; these systems find a new balance in the presence of inhibition or stimulation by a specific drug. A person in this adapted or physically dependent state requires continued administration of the drug to maintain normal function. If administration of the drug is stopped abruptly, there is another imbalance, and the affected systems again must go through a process of readjusting to a new equilibrium without the drug.

By: Ammarah Khan

10 Smart Canadian Tax Tips 23 Mar 2012 10:10 AM (13 years ago)

Hey! If you are in age of getting retired and want to be financially independent while living in Canada, you need to act smarter. You must have seen how people who even do not make a lot of money stay relaxed and get benefited while others who earn a lot just are getting by. This is actually being the matter of smarter and wiser.

People act smartly, have an eye on the tax implications, interest, returns and then take decision. Apparently it seems very difficult to make the right decision for the survival and being secure from heavy tax yet this is very easy in real. You just need to be decisive.

Your income tax planning and financial planning must go side by side. There are number of available online calculators helping you to take out the real percentage as per to the tax applied and deduction which really makes your job easy.

One thing is sure that you must keep your records in hand. Canadians who filed their income tax and benefit return electronically or who have not enclosed their information slips and receipts with their paper-filed return should keep their tax and benefit records on hand in case they are contacted by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA).

After returns are filed, the CRA begins work to verify reported income, as well as credits and deductions claimed. These reviews are an important method for the CRA to ensure Canadians are paying their fair share of taxes.

Some of the reviews of deductions and credits are done when returns are filed and before taxpayers receive their notice of assessment. However, most reviews take place later in the year, as the CRA works to verify the information on an individual’s return and compare it with information provided by other parties, such as an employer, a spouse, or a common-law partner.

During this review process, the CRA may contact taxpayers, usually by mail, to ask for more information on income sources or dependants. The CRA may ask for copies of receipts or information slips to support a number of different claims, for example:

• medical expenses
• charitable donations
• child care expenses
• spouse or child support payments
• moving expenses

Once the CRA is in contact, you have 30 calendar days to respond. Keeping your records on hand makes it easier to respond to these requests and will help you explain your tax and benefit situation to the CRA if you do not agree with your reassessment.

If you can’t pay the full amount of taxes you owe to the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA), you may be able to make a payment arrangement. If CRA determines that you are unable to make a full payment, an agent can work with you to develop a plan to help you pay your taxes.

Receiving a request for receipts or documentation to support certain deductions and credits does not mean you are being audited by the CRA. When an individual is selected for an audit, the CRA tells them that their tax and benefit situation is being reviewed and calls to arrange a meeting to begin the audit.

Canadian Tax Tips for Small Businesses

Do you operate a Canadian small business? This guide presents all the information you need to know about preparing and filing Canadian income tax, from which business expenses qualify as legitimate Canadian income tax deductions through details on completing the T1 Personal and T1 Corporate Income Tax Returns. The Canadian income tax return you need to complete and file for your small business depends on how your business is structured.

If your business is a sole proprietorship or partnership, you report your business income on your T1 personal income tax form. Your small business is you, so to speak, and the T1 income tax return package includes Form T2125 (Statement of Business or Professional Activities), which you will use to report your business income.

If your small business is incorporated, you will report your business income on a T2 corporate income tax return. Legally, your incorporated small business is a separate entity and it needs to complete and file its own Canadian income tax return. (Note that you, as another separate legal entity, will also have to complete and file your own separate T1 personal income tax return.)

Before you sit down to complete your Canadian income tax return or take your tax return and all your relevant forms and documents to your accountant, it’s helpful to know which business expenses qualify as Canadian income tax deductions and which don’t.

Maximize Your Business Income Tax Deductions – This first installment of getting ready to file your Canadian income tax covers keeping track of your receipts, income tax deductions related to the cost of doing business, and income tax deductions for home-based businesses.

The first installment of this series, “Maximize Your Business Income Tax Deductions”, discusses keeping track of your business expenses throughout the year, tax deductions related to the cost of doing business, and home business tax deductions. This article covers automobile income tax deductions, travel-related income tax deductions, tax deductions related to employing your spouse or child and advertising and other income tax deductions.

Once you’ve read through both of these tax articles, you’ll have a complete list of small business tax deductions that you can check before handing your receipts and documents over to your accountant or use to complete your own income tax form – focusing, of course, on maximizing your business income tax deductions. First, let’s take a look at income tax deductions related to vehicles.

The cost of fuel, motor oil, and lubricants used in your business are allowable tax deductions. (This includes gasoline!) You can also claim the license and registration fees, insurance, and the cost of vehicle maintenance and repair as income tax deductions. If you’ve borrowed the money to buy a vehicle, you can claim the interest on your loan as a business expense. If you’ve leased a vehicle, you can claim the leasing cost.

But while there are many business income tax deductions related to vehicles, the catch is to be sure you distinguish between business and personal use when claiming automobile tax deductions. If you have a vehicle that you use for both business and pleasure, you can only claim the portion of automobile expenses related to business use as a business tax deduction. The Motor Vehicle Expenses section of the CRA’s Business and Professional Income Guide gives a good example of how to calculate the deductible portion of your vehicle expenses.

By: Ammarah Khan

Carnations and Gerberas 21 Mar 2012 8:36 AM (13 years ago)

Carnations have a long history of appreciation, delicacy and the durability. It was known as the “flower of love” or “the flower of gods”. This has been a source of inspiration and the beauty enriched reservoir for the poets of romanticism. Poets used it to symbolize the beauty and delicacy of their beloved while the prose writers used it as a reference to the womanly etiquettes. This has been occupying significant place in the flowers family for its ever increasing demand by the flower lovers and the beauty conscious people. Its annual sale makes a large part of the nursery’s business.

Carnations were considered sacred in the ancient Greece and Rome where the Christian community believed that the first carnation bloomed on the earth when Marry cried and wept for Jesus on earth. This was the time when Jesus carried his cross. For this mythical history the flower was used at the sacred places. The flower was found unlimited shades in the early period of its growth. It was in shades of pink, peach and yellow. With the passage of time, the petals started bringing in with the shades of red, purple and ever green.

The very word carnations mean the fascination, love or romance. That’s why it has been used in the long history of romance since the mankind learned how to give language to its feelings and expressions. Since long centuries are gone; the favor and the attraction of the flower is undiminished. This is as sacred, as demanded and as attractive as was on the day of Jesus fructification. The evidence of its durability is in the fact that it is found all the year round and does not die off when used in the designing of sets and the bouquets and in other flower arrangements.

Different colors of carnations are used to express different emotions and convey different messages. For example light red color is used to convey the feelings of admiration while the dark red is the symbol of deep and exotic love sentiments. White carnations are associated with luck and fortune. Pink color carnations are given to pay the gratitude. Last decade brought white carnations specified as a present on the “Mother’s Day”. These great varieties of carnations are a great help to human being for paying a vent to what they cannot express through words and other signs.

Even to the present carnations surpasses the popularity of all other flower families including roses and are easily recognized for their special charm and attraction which another flower family has not succeeded to give off. This has got the status of floral mainstay for a long time and is still used at special occasions. Carnations occupy a very special place in the floral community which cannot be replaced by any other. These urge people to have them in clusters at their places for their bewitched charm and special spell. Its wonderful delicacy still wonders its visitors and catches the eye of the people busy in silent admiration of the nature.

Gerberas

Another species of cut flowers with the broad petals bringing vivid and eye catching color; gerberas are the wedding flowers. These are a family of daisy genus which is found with the double petals in rounds or semi rounds. These are appealing craftsmen to use it as an ornament. Most of its species are derived from the South African daisy. In older days gerberas was in with the narrow petals following it, its fashion was totally out for a while and now it is again in the fashion with the broad petals.

The gerberas attaining is not difficult. You can grow your own gerberas. Gerberas love the sun and bloom fully in it. Full sun is the favorite for the gerberas to grow well. These are therefore grown well in the soil rich with warmth. You must choose a place for the gerberas plantation which is fully drained and well fertilized. Winters are not good to grow gerberas. If you have poorly drained soil, prepare a sol bed higher than the soil which will help the daisy plant to grow better. If you have cold autumns or winter prevailing in the town; you must go for the place in a shelter to avoid the frost and the wetness which can make your gerberas die. Therefore excellent drainage and the best shelter from the cold are the two conditions which are necessary for your gerberas plant.

You know what? Poorly drained soil can bring a disease to your crop. This disease results in the rotting of the gerberas stem. Therefore take care for the drainage of the soil. If few of the leaves are diseased, regularly remove these diseased leaves so the rest of the plant is saved. Your little negligence can bring a great harm to your plant. So, be affectionate and caring to keep your plant friend saves from the fungus diseases.

When you are to plant the gerberas; have prep before you are on the plantation. Divide the crown into groups and select the place as beds outside your home or inside the backyard. The crown is a part where the new plant growth starts. This crown should be 1-2 cm above the soil. This can help you to prevent and reduce the chances to the minimum for saving your gerberas. You can also grow your gerberas in pots in the early spring and summer.

Gerberas are the best to use as the cut flowers. You can use it in the setting designs or a purchase it from the floral shops. These are available almost all round the year. If you own your nursery; you must be careful while pricking the flowers as the wrong pricking can lead to leave a spot behind which causes infection and can bring big harm to the whole plant. Instead of cutting the stem fully; you must wriggle it from the base till it is cleanly removed. Choose fully opened and wide gerberas for arranging. Do not forget to remove the white threading at its base.

By: Ammarah Khan

Sunflowers and Roses 20 Mar 2012 4:18 AM (13 years ago)

Sunflowers are loved and known for the vibrant and vivid color presentations all through the world. Many poets have used it as an imagery tool to express their feelings and give a vent to their emotions. Its ecstatic dancing state is loved and captured for painting and the photography portfolio. Its special association with the sun is on the account of its hot yellow petals forming beautiful whirls all around the stamens and its graceful way of turning head to the sun on each day. This rich texture and colored flowers attract insects helping it in its cross pollination thus resulting in more creed and more flowers.

One of the important uses of the sunflowers is its extensive use in the health industry. Sunflowers have been cultivated at industrial scale to get the oil. Sunflower oil is not amazing to add in the taste but also meets the health requirements giving the rich calories. This is a wonderful combination of taste and health. These are extensively used by the cooking experts and the health industry in medication. Sunflower kernels make a great part of health products in the market. These are bought by those people who seek health nutrients in the taste or in the flavor. Pharmacology declares sunflower kernels as the powerhouse of important minerals and vitamins which have comparison to another.

Sunflower is marketed on the international level especially by the US market where it has got the status of national trait being its national lower. The government supports the companies to cultivate the sunflowers on the larger scale. This huge quantity is given and sold to the world reforming oil companies and are also used in the fine finishing of the oil products in the country. This is perhaps the only country where sunflower magazines are sold twice in a year almost after every six months to bring the latest update and the news on the sunflower cultivation, nurturing and the trade.

To your wonder, research reveals that the sunflower is not a flower at all that may look to you with yellow petals having brown head in the center, yet this is a constellation of hundreds of flowers that make up a single brown head. Hundreds flowers are assimilated to make the beautiful crown in the center which is surrounded by yellow leaves as though working and waving like petals. Amazed? Yes, this is really amazing to know.

The flowers in the center are ripened to the seeds known as the sunflower fruits. These seeds are used to plant a new creed of the plant yet these are also enjoyed as snacks and are eaten in the solid state. These are sold everywhere present in small bags available at the grocery stores. These are also enriched food used for the birds. These are also sold as the bird feed where the birds are fed directly on the sunflower seeds. These are also used as the ornamental flower and are used in the decoration of the houses and the sets of ceremonies.

Roses; A Sign of Love

Roses are considered the royal family in the flowers community. This has a long tradition in the love and romance history. You will find this a beloved gift exchanged between lovers since the flowers have been stepped in human civilization. Roses bring a sensation which cannot be curtailed with any other flower. This flower family has a special and significant place in the romance peculiars. The fragrance spreading around gives a charmed sensation to the atmosphere which keeps you bound to have it at your place for a long time.

Roses are of various colors and stuffs. Each of the color is specific for the personification of a human passion and is symbolically used often to give language to these feelings. Most vivid colors include black roses, red roses, yellow roses and some pink shades. Black rose is the rarest creed to find. It brings sensuous erotic feelings and symbolizes the strong sexual feelings. Black rose is the royal rose color among the rose family and is used by the royal and elite blood. Some kings in the past had been famous for their love to black rose. Some Iranian kings used to have personal gardens on their royal lands.

Roses have extensive use in the domestic and industrial market. Especially as the wedding functions, family get together, birthday ceremonies and other family functions background designs and sets take a great part of roses in the scheme. These roses are used in the bouquets and its petals are used in the welcome rituals often at wedding ceremonies. The modern and advance bridal stages and the beds are fully designed on the customer special rose demands. Perfumes and scents use a great quantity of roses in their manufacture and make tons of the rose market.

Roses are also imported on international levels. Rich and fertile countries use to earn a lot of foreign exchange through the rose import. These are making great part of medicine industry especially in the infant syrups and the products for child use. Many local companies have started sole rose business and are hired for rose decorations in the functions. These companies own their personal rose nurseries. These rose nurseries are specified for the company business and are not sold in the market.

Rose has been a source of inspiration for the poets and the painters. There was a rose movement bringing rose pattern in every domain including music, painting and poetry. This was the time when love used to speak the language of roses where words were no more needed. Roses are still used in the modern videos and movies having the latest romance trends. Though the trends have been changed, focus has been shifted yet the rose family is still royal having blue blood in its veins. It can never be exiled by any new ruling class. This is still respected and demanded.

By: Ammarah Khan

CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS 17 Mar 2012 6:02 AM (13 years ago)

Cardiac cells undergo depolarization and repolarization to form cardiac action potentials about sixty times per minute. The shape and duration of each action potential are determined by the activity of ion channel protein complexes in the membranes of individual cells, and the genes encoding most of these proteins now have been identified. Thus each heartbeat results from the highly integrated electrophysiological behaviour of multiple proteins on multiple cardiac cells. Ion channel function can be perturbed by acute ischemia, sympathetic stimulation, or myocardial scarring to create abnormalities of cardiac rhythm, or arrhythmias.

Available antiarrhythmic drugs suppress arrhythmias by blocking flow through specific ion channels or by altering autonomic function. An increasingly sophisticated understanding of the molecular basis of normal and abnormal cardiac rhythm may lead to identification of new targets for antiarrhythmic drugs and perhaps improved therapies.  Arrhythmias can range from incidental, asymptomatic clinical findings to life-threatening abnormalities. Mechanisms underlying cardiac arrhythmias have been identified in cellular and animal experiments. In some human arrhythmias, precise mechanisms are known, and treatment can be targeted specifically against those mechanisms. In other cases, mechanisms can be only inferred, and the choice of drugs is based largely on results of prior experience.

Antiarrhythmic drug therapy can have two goals: termination of an on-going arrhythmia or prevention of an arrhythmia. Unfortunately, antiarrhythmic drugs not only help to control arrhythmias but also can cause them, especially during long-term therapy. Thus, prescribing antiarrhythmic drugs requires that precipitating factors be excluded or minimized, that a precise diagnosis of the type of arrhythmia (and its possible mechanisms) be made, that the prescriber has reason to believe that drug therapy will be beneficial, and that the risks of drug therapy can be minimized.

When the normal sequence of impulse initiation and propagation is perturbed, an arrhythmia occurs. Failure of impulse initiation may result in slow heart rates (Brady arrhythmias), whereas failure of impulses to propagate normally from atrium to ventricle results in dropped beats or “heart block” that usually reflects an abnormality in either the AV node or the His-Purkinje system. These abnormalities may be caused by drugs or by structural heart disease; in the latter case, permanent cardiac pacing may be required.  Abnormally rapid heart rhythms (tachyarrhythmias) are common clinical problems that may be treated with antiarrhythmic drugs. Three major underlying mechanisms have been identified: enhanced automaticity, triggered automaticity, and re-entry.

Enhanced automaticity may occur in cells that normally display spontaneous diastolic depolarization, the sinus and AV nodes and the His-Purkinje system. b Adrenergic stimulation, hypokalaemia, and mechanical stretch of cardiac muscle cells increase phase 4 slope and so accelerate pacemaker rate, whereas acetylcholine reduces pacemaker rate both by decreasing phase 4 slope and by hyperpolarization (making the maximum diastolic potential more negative). In addition, automatic behavior may occur in sites that ordinarily lack spontaneous pacemaker activity; e.g., depolarization of ventricular cells (e.g., by ischemia) may produce such “abnormal” automaticity. When impulses propagate from a region of enhanced normal or abnormal automaticity to excite the rest of the heart, arrhythmias result.

Under some pathophysiological conditions, a normal cardiac action potential may be interrupted or followed by an abnormal depolarization. If this abnormal depolarization reaches threshold, it may, in turn, give rise to secondary upstrokes that can propagate and create abnormal rhythms. These abnormal secondary upstrokes occur only after an initial normal, or “triggering,” upstroke and so are termed triggered rhythms.

Two major forms of triggered rhythms are recognized. In the first case, under conditions of intracellular Ca²⁺ overload (e.g., myocardial ischemia, adrenergic stress, digitalis intoxication, or heart failure), a normal action potential may be followed by a delayed afterdepolarization (DAD). If this afterdepolarization reaches threshold, a secondary triggered beat or beats may occur. DAD amplitude is increased in vitro by rapid pacing, and clinical arrhythmias thought to correspond to DAD-mediated triggered beats are more frequent when the underlying cardiac rate is rapid. In the second type of triggered activity, the key abnormality is marked prolongation of the cardiac action potential.

When this occurs, phase 3 repolarization may be interrupted by an early afterdepolarization (EAD). EAD-mediated triggering in vitro and clinical arrhythmias are most common when the underlying heart rate is slow, extracellular K⁺ is low, and certain drugs that prolong action potential duration (antiarrhythmic and others) are present. EAD-related triggered upstrokes probably reflect inward current through Na⁺ or Ca²⁺ channels. EADs is induced much more readily in Purkinje cells and in midmyocardial (or M) cells than in epicardial or endocardial cells. When cardiac repolarization is markedly prolonged, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with a long QT interval, known as the torsade de pointes syndrome, may occur. This arrhythmia is thought to be caused by EADs, which trigger functional re-entry owing to heterogeneity of action potential durations across the ventricular wall. Congenital long QT syndrome, a disease in which torsades de pointes is common, can be caused by mutations in the genes encoding the Na⁺ channels or the channels underlying the repolarizing currents I_Kr and I_Ks.

Antiarrhythmic drugs may block arrhythmias owing to DADs or EADs by two major mechanisms: (1) inhibition of the development of afterdepolarizations, and (2) interference with the inward current (usually through Na⁺ or Ca²⁺ channels), which is responsible for the upstroke. Thus arrhythmias owing to digitalis-induced DADs may be inhibited by verapamil (which blocks the development of DAD) or by quinidine (which blocks Na⁺ channels, thereby elevating the threshold required to produce the abnormal upstroke). Similarly, two approaches are used in arrhythmias related to EAD-induced triggered beats.

EADs can be inhibited by shortening action potential duration; in practice, heart rate is accelerated by isoproterenol infusion or by pacing. Triggered beats arising from EADs can be inhibited by Mg²⁺, without normalizing repolarization in vitro or QT interval, through mechanisms that are not well understood. In patients with a congenitally prolonged QT interval, torsades de pointes often occurs with adrenergic stress; therapy includes b adrenergic blockade (which does not shorten the QT interval) as well as pacing. Drugs that increase action potential duration without direct action on Na⁺ channels (e.g., by blocking delayed rectifier currents) also will prolong refractoriness. In slow-response tissues, Ca²⁺ channel block prolongs refractoriness.

By: Ammarah Khan

How Online Psychology Degree Works? 15 Mar 2012 9:31 AM (13 years ago)

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior so covers lots of attributes and is going up in the demanded graph of professional studies. As obvious from the very words Distance Learning that it talks about learning from far off places. In other words you can call it Online Education. It is especially designed for those students who want to have a recognized degree in psychology but are unable to attend regular classes in any campus or institution. Overseas students usually get benefitted from such programs. As psychology is theoretical based subject, it is quite feasible when opted through distance learning.

Distance learning in psychology covers psychological theory and research and then develops the understanding of the application of psychology. As every year, number of overseas students who are getting registered through distance learning in psychology program, is increasing, hence universities are developing vast curriculums catering all the demands of the subject and field study. A good university psychology degree includes social psychology, cognitive psychology, biological psychology and developmental psychology. As well as the knowledge gained from psychology degree an individual will develop a range of skills useful in variety of careers including oral and communication skills, numerical and management skills, IT and group working skills. Psychology courses give students a huge variety of academic, workplace and life skills.

With the boom of internet getting high education has been no more a problem. One can become certified from the world’s top class universities while sitting at one’s own place. Online education surely performs wonders. Psychology is one of the human sciences being in the most demand by the increasing human attitude differences. It has specializations in its different programs like Applied Psychology and Clinical Psychology. There are number of world universities offering online specialization degrees like Kaplan University, Capella University and Walden University and are being ranked quite high in the field of psychology.

Many young students opt for having online psychology degree as it is quite feasible and acceptable at the same time. It provides an insight into theoretical concepts and enables the learners to go through its provided sections. In the coming years postgraduate online psychology degree will highly increase in demand because many students like to have it as an additional degree along with their other ones. Before going for online psychology degree one needs to be certain about one’s specializations and better to prepare a checklist before stepping in any of the fields. Like it is quite essential to ask oneself about the real interest, professional goals, way of earning online degree and most of all being a specialist in a specified field.

Online psychology degree very much works in the same way as a tutorial or institutional degree does. It equally provides ample chances to one for submitting online essays and getting research topics. It starts with the basic concepts and principles and leads to in depth study areas like human based research. A further step takes insight into disorders, cognitive and technical treatments along with many more. After choosing the right program offered by a recognized university, get registered and start taking online tutorials. One need not worrying about specific timing of the regular classes as it has to be on campus. No, instead one can enjoy the independence of learning at one’s own pace no matters slow or fast as per student’s feasibility. Another advantage of having online degree is being unknown to other class mates. It may be quite comforting for those appearing for this program quite late in life and saves them from all sorts of embarrassment.

The greatest of all; having an online degree gives an ease to students for being free of location hurdles. One can have it either sitting at the smallest town or even enjoying life in one of the big states. Although psychology is more or less theory based subject yet online acquisition of degree saves you from all pains of making notes as in traditional ways. The patterns and the advancement in learning level are the same yet with plethora of comfort and easiness. One follows the same strategy like going through from basic concepts to insights, leading from learning of disorders to treatments, knowing about common abuses and their remedies and ultimately having an assigned topic for the research paper. Here again a student has an independence of showing up after intervals of his own choice.

By: Ammarah Khan

Caffeine over consumption: a human threat 14 Mar 2012 8:28 AM (13 years ago)

Caffeine (3,7-dihydro-1, 3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2, 6 Dionne),  present about 2 to 4 % of dry basis however, the availability of nutrients in soil affects caffeine content in plants. Caffeine is the most widely consumed behaviorally active substance in the world. Average caffeine consumption in humans can range in different cultures and nations from 80 to 400 mg/person per day. In humans, approximately 80% of caffeine is demethylated to paraxanthine and approximately 16% is converted into theobromine and theophylline in the liver. About 3% of caffeine ingested and more than a dozen of its metabolites can be found in urine. No doubt its moderate consumption provide multiplicity of the health benefits including reduced risk of gallstones formation in humans especially in women and lowers the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in humans. It is also related to decrease the incidence or risk of Parkinson’s disease. But its over consumption is a constant source of danger for the user so its harmful effect should be examine that act as a check on its consumption. Caffeine has a diuretic effect and in healthy volunteers the acute administration of caffeine causes a short-term increase in dieresis. Excessive caffeine consumption causes addiction and lead to caffeinism, a condition that has serious behavioral and physiological side effects. In addition to that caffeine consumption causes the urinary excretion of substances such as sodium, potassium, chlorides, magnesium, and calcium in healthy young females. Chronic caffeine consumption increases the risk of osteoporosis (A disease in which the bones become extremely porous, are subject to fracture, and heal slowly) and hip fracture. functional activation of the shell of the nucleus accumbens, an area involved in addiction and reward, was only induced by the highest dose of caffeine 10 (mg/kg). Effect of the caffeine on the cardiovascular system with a slight increase in blood pressure and heart output. It also undergoes biotransformation in the human body to form mentholated derivatives of uric acid. High caffeine consumption causes less chance of pregnancy and/or lead to miscarriage in women. It amplified the increases in blood pressure and heart rate associated with higher levels of self-reported stress and these observed blood pressure elevations reach a maximum 30 to 60 minutes after caffeine administration and persist for several hours. As a result these repeated daily blood pressure elevations and increases in stress reactivity caused by caffeine consumption could contribute to an increased risk of coronary heart disease in the adult population. Moreover, chronic caffeine intake affects renal structure, function and blood pressure in patients with Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common inherited disorder frequently associated with renal failure, hypertension and other abnormalities. Hence chronic caffeine intake increase in severity of hypertension in patients with ADPKD, it may be wise for patients with this disease to limit their intake of caffeinated coffee to four or fewer cups per day.

Different scientist studied the contribution of caffeine to the homocysteine-raising effect of coffee in humans. A high plasma total homocysteine concentration is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Consequently caffeine is partly responsible for the homocysteine-raising effect of coffee and consumption of unfiltered or filtered coffee raises total homocysteine concentrations in healthy volunteers.

It was observed that caffeine have the ability to block adenosine receptors at low concentrations even after a single cup of coffee, but other mechanisms of action such as inhibition of phosphodiesterase and mobilization of intracellular calcium demand higher concentrations of caffeine. In addition the CNS effects of caffeine are mediated particularly by its antagonistic actions at the A1 and A2A subtypes of the adenosine receptors. Adenosine A1 receptors are present in almost all brain areas. Consequently the intake of a high dose of caffeine is not reinforced by positive and pleasant behavioral effects.

Caffeine causes a harmful effect on renal inner medullary collecting duct cells. It was toxic and very strong additive. Consequently the chronic excess ingestion of no steroid anti-inflammatory drugs such as caffeine causes renal medullary necrosis. It was strongly suggested that caffeine in beverages like tea and coffee increases the risk of hypertension and its regular intake increases BP. Further more found that caffeine and diterpenes present in unfiltered coffee increase the risk of coronary heart disease while the lower risk of coronary heart disease among moderate coffee drinkers might be due to antioxidants found in coffee.

By Ali Imran Phd.Scholar

Slippers Care Your Feet 14 Mar 2012 6:18 AM (13 years ago)

This is very astonishing fact for me that ladies often spend a lot on their outfits, pay heavy amounts at saloons to get facials and hand care treatment yet feet are always ignored. Let me tell you a secret thing, if you care your feet casually, you will never need some extra money to get them neat by some beautician. Secondly, you will notice that you will feel yourself quite confident if your feet are quite soft and neat. You may wonder who peeps below the heels; you may not know that self satisfaction is the greatest factor which gives you confidence to move in a gathering of thousand people around.

As obvious from the name, you must have understood that the slippers are variably offering some solutions to the heel problems. Some of us, who have been suffering with dryness of heels, must know the pain this can invoke. The worst of it is that it unable you to move from place to place and affects your mobility. Thus, you are left with numbness feeling of pinching pain. Some lucky people find the solution at any of the later stages of their lives; few get relief by applying continuous moisturizer. Yet the most of them get the solution from somewhere else. Let me tell you the simplest of all; buy comfortable pair of these foot wearing.

Slippers are our day to day need and are especially designed to alleviate the painful feelings caused by fraction between feet and ground. Branded companies take care while manufacturing that it has all the necessary things which can provide calm sensation to your feet. Allergic plastics and raw fibers are avoided to be used in manufacturing. These also have other ingredients along with which protect the skin from the roughness and dryness. Sometimes these are embedded with some cozy material which gives a pleasing feeling to the user.

These are easily available at every store and their cost range from brand to brand depending upon the manufacturing material. No one can deny the importance of this common yet significant foot wearing which work to bring comfort for your feet. Its string covering and structure protects the feet and keeps away the bacteria that may become the cause of dryness resulting in painful condition.

Slippers are designed for everybody regardless of age and physique. Yet, majority of the reviews assert that it is also equally beneficial for those who have sever skin problems. By using them on regular basis, they can enjoy normal healthy heels forever. People who are conscious about having mild dryness get relief by its convenient usages.

These protective foot wearing offers several advantages as these let the feet to be neat and clean for a long time. These work to perform both action; keeping away of harmful bacteria and restoration of the moisture to heels. Some of the reviews claim that even bloody heels can be brought back to healthy and normal skin if users do not give up these feet wearing whenever they are on their feet. This regular usage leaves very soft skin behind.

If you are having some allergies or are allergic from some of the fibers found in the material, you should read the manufacturing details before using it. Apart from it there is nothing that can keep you away from having soft heels if you are using slippers. In this way, it also serves as a great balm which brings calm and relief to your heels.

Here is the final statement after analyzing the benefits that these foot wearing can bring to you that these are the fantastic foot accessories which are quite economic. These have the most striking rate as compared to the other foot protection products available in the market. So, you must regular use these wearing before you go for spending a lot on other balms which makes your budget upset and you cannot enjoy the relief you get. You can get great satisfaction through this simple home tip. It does not even cost you every time you put on your slippers yet asks you to take care of your feet.

By: Ammarah Khan

Some More About PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD) 13 Mar 2012 7:04 AM (13 years ago)

This article is an extension of my previous article which was about Parkinson’s disease. The outflow of the striatum proceeds along two distinct routes, termed the direct and indirect pathways. The direct pathway is formed by neurons in the striatum that project directly to the output stages of the basal ganglia, the substantial nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) and the globus pallidus interna (GPi); these, in turn, relay to the ventroanterior and ventrolateral thalamus, which provides excitatory input to the cortex.

The neurotransmitter of both links of the direct pathway is g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is inhibitory, so that the net effect of stimulation of the direct pathway at the level of the striatum is to increase the excitatory outflow from the thalamus to the cortex. The indirect pathway is composed of striate neurons that project to the globus pallidus externa (GPe). This structure, in turn, innervates the sub thalamic nucleus (STN), which provides outflow to the SNpr and GPi output stage.

As in the direct pathway, the first two links the projections from striatum to GPe and GPe to STN¾use the inhibitory transmitter GABA; however, the final link the projection from STN to SNpr and GPi is an excitatory glutamatergic pathway. Thus the net effect of stimulating the indirect pathway at the level of the striatum is to reduce the excitatory outflow from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex.

The key feature of this model of basal ganglia function, which accounts for the symptoms observed in PD as a result of loss of dopaminergic neurons, is the differential effect of dopamine on the direct and indirect pathways. The dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) innervate all parts of the striatum; however, the target striatal neurons express distinct types of dopamine receptors. The striatal neurons giving rise to the direct pathway express primarily the excitatory D1 dopamine receptor protein, whereas the striatal neurons forming the indirect pathway express primarily the inhibitory D2 type.

Thus dopamine released in the striatum tends to increase the activity of the direct pathway and reduce the activity of the indirect pathway, whereas the depletion that occurs in PD has the opposite effect. The net effect of the reduced dopaminergic input in PD is to increase markedly the inhibitory outflow from the SNpr and GPi to the thalamus and reduce excitation of the motor cortex. There are several limitations of this model of basal ganglia function. In particular, recent work has shown that the anatomical connections are considerably more complex than envisioned originally. In addition, many of the pathways involved I PD, use not just one but several neurotransmitters. For example, the neuropeptides substance P and dynorphin are found predominantly in striatal neurons making up the direct pathway, whereas most of the indirect pathway neurons express encephalin.

These transmitters are expected to have slow modulator effects on signalling, in contrast to the rapid effects of glutamate and GABA, but the functional significance of these modulator effects remains unclear. Nevertheless, the model is useful and has important implications for the rational design and use of pharmacological agents in PD. First, it suggests that to restore the balance of the system through stimulation of dopamine receptors, the complementary effect of actions at both D1 and D2 receptors, as well as the possibility of adverse effects that may be mediated by D3, D4, or D5 receptors, must be considered. Second, it explains why replacement of dopamine is not the only approach to the treatment of PD. Drugs that inhibit cholinergic receptors have long been used for treatment of Parkinsonism.

Although their mechanisms of action are not completely understood, it seems likely that their effect is mediated at the level of the striatal projection neurons, which normally receive cholinergic input from striatal cholinergic interneuron. Few clinically useful drugs for Parkinsonism are presently available based on actions through GABA and glutamate receptors, even though both have crucial roles in the circuitry of the basal ganglia. However, they represent a promising avenue for drug development.

Sever drugs are used either alone or in combination like levodopa and carbidopa are employed to manage epilepsy; some of them are levodopa, carbidopa, catechol-O Methyl transferees inhibitors such as tolcapone and entacapone, dopamine receptor agonists such as rpinirole, selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as selegiline, muscarinic receptor antagonists such as benztropine and diphenhydramine, amantadine and some neuroprotective agents are also used to manage Parkinson’s disease.

By: Ammarah Khan

PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD) 8 Mar 2012 4:05 AM (13 years ago)

Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome consisting of four cardinal features: bradykinesia (slowness and poverty of movement), muscular rigidity, resting tremor (which usually abates during voluntary movement), and an impairment of postural balance leading to disturbances of gait and falling. The most common cause of Parkinsonism is idiopathic PD, first described by James Parkinson in 1817 as paralysis agitans, or the “shaking palsy.” The pathological hallmark of PD is a loss of the pigmented, dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compact, with the appearance of intracellular inclusions known as Lewy bodies.

Progressive loss of dopamine-containing neurons is a feature of normal aging; however, most people do not lose the 70% to 80% of dopaminergic neurons required to cause symptomatic PD. Without treatment, PD progresses over 5 to 10 years to a rigid, a kinetic state in which patients are incapable of caring for themselves. Death frequently results from complications of immobility, including aspiration pneumonia or pulmonary embolism. The availability of effective pharmacological treatment has altered radically the prognosis of PD; in most cases, good functional mobility can be maintained for many years, and the life expectancy of adequately treated patients is increased substantially.

It is important to recognize that several disorders other than PD also may produce Parkinsonism, including some relatively rare neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, and intoxication with dopamine-receptor antagonists. Drugs in common clinical use that may cause Parkinsonism include antipsychotics such as haloperidol and Thorazine and antiemetics such as prochloperazine and metoclopramide. Although a complete discussion of the clinical diagnostic approach to Parkinsonism exceeds the scope of this chapter, the distinction between PD and other causes of Parkinsonism is important because Parkinsonism arising from other causes usually is refractory to all forms of treatment.

The primary deficit in PD is a loss of the neurons in the substantia nigra pars compact that provide dopaminergic innervation to the striatum (caudate and putamen). The current understanding of the pathophysiology of PD can be traced to neurochemical investigations that demonstrated a reduction in the striatal dopamine content in excess of 80%. This paralleled the loss of neurons from the substantia nigra, suggesting that replacement of dopamine could restore function. These fundamental observations led to an extensive investigative effort to understand the metabolism and actions of dopamine and to learn how a deficit in dopamine gives rise to the clinical features of PD. We now have a model of the function of the basal ganglia that, while incomplete, is still useful.

The actions of dopamine in the brain are mediated by a family of dopamine-receptor proteins. Two types of dopamine receptors were identified in the mammalian brain using pharmacological techniques: D₁ receptors, which stimulate the synthesis of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP, and D₂ receptors, which inhibit cyclic AMP synthesis as well as suppress Ca²⁺ currents and activate receptor-operated K⁺ currents. Application of molecular genetics to the study of dopamine receptors has revealed a more complex receptor situation than envisioned originally. At present, five distinct dopamine receptors are known. All the dopamine receptors are heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).

The five dopamine receptors can be divided into two groups on the basis of their pharmacological and structural properties. The D₁ and D₅ proteins have a long intracellular carboxyl-terminal tail and are members of the class defined pharmacologically as D₁; they stimulate the formation of cyclic AMP and phosphatidyl inositol hydrolysis. The D₂, D₃, and D₄ receptors share a large third intracellular loop and are of the D₂ class. They decrease cyclic AMP formation and modulate K⁺ and Ca²⁺ currents. Each of the five dopamine receptor proteins has a distinct anatomical pattern of expression in the brain. The D₁ and D₂ proteins are abundant in the striatum and are the most important receptor sites with regard to the causes and treatment of PD. The D₄ and D₅ proteins are largely extrastriatal, whereas D₃ expression is low in the caudate and putamen but more abundant in the nucleus acumens and olfactory tubercle.

Considerable effort has been devoted to understanding how the loss of dopaminergic input to the neurons of the neostriatum gives rise to the clinical features of PD. The basal ganglia can be viewed as a modulatory side loop that regulates the flow of information from the cerebral cortex to the motor neurons of the spinal cord. The neostriatum is the principal input structure of the basal ganglia and receives excitatory glutamatergic input from many areas of the cortex. Most neurons within the striatum are projection neurons that innervate other basal ganglia structures. A small but important subgroup of striatal neurons consists of interneurons that connect neurons within the striatum but do not project beyond its borders. Acetylcholine and neuropeptides are used as transmitters by these striatal interneurons.

By: Ammarah Khan

Motivation Does Wonders 8 Mar 2012 3:59 AM (13 years ago)

If going through the pages of history, you will find dozens of such failures who replaced their defeat by taking successive attempts. This is noticeable that success is never at your door step, this is your attitude towards your destination and your continuous hard work that it brings there. On the other side, daily papers illustrate ample of such examples of individuals who embrace suicide because they lose heart at the cries of unsuccessful results. What is the difference between these two cases, this is the presence of eminent force of motivation in former’s life which unfortunately may be absent in the later ones’.

Though motivation does not have any substantial existence, yet it generates and springs out such results which change the entire life of an individual or community. While criticizing, we often forget that there are already numbers of despairing factors in our society which prevail to discourage an individual’s efforts. We ignore that by commenting on someone’s honest hard work, in fact we are degrading human grace. Many of our kids suffer and go in deep inferiority complex just because there is no one to motivate them; there is not even a single bit of appreciation for them.

Mostly people are very much sure about their future targets but are confused about what should they choose and what is exactly as per their nature. For this case motivation is very much beneficial as it encourages you to reach your ambition. It helps you to develop confidence in your abilities and encourages you to step ahead without getting worried how hard your target may be. Therefore, to have some motivational hand behind you is much important.

Motivation does wonders, it will help you to make strategic plans to overcome hurdles smoothly and reach the target efficiently. It serves you to discover the hurdles and challenges that might come in your way and gives you courage to cope with them. You will be encouraged by your internal spirit to find errors and lacking in them that are becoming hurdles to meet you goals.

Motivation plays a refreshing role. It suggests ways to bring changes in you and your team especially in the case when you have failed in a certain target and you are feeling depressed and are hearted. You will also get help about how to overcome your errors and to make powerful and adequate abilities so that you become capable of producing maximum in the appropriate field and can get a fruitful result.

If you have someone’s motivation behind you, you will definitely get it no matter how hard is the way. Your aim assists you to enhance your potential so that you can give your maximum while working.  Your strong self commitments suggest you ways to follow such strategies that would help you to boost up your efforts. It will help you to hone your abilities so that you can perform the best while working or leading a team.

Motivation basically helps a person to attain his ambitions by utilizing all of his internal spirits. It provides motivation for accomplishment of one’s ambitions, life work counseling, personality making and other sort of counseling. If you are lucky to get such motivation, you will see that it will work to set targets, affirmative individual development, mentoring and other kinds of counseling.

It helps you to reach at your target through beating all the challenges. It suggests strategies and new ways to boost up your competency. It provides turning point of your career. It gives ways how to deal effectively with the clashes on your way to your aim. It helps you to improve your governing and decision making abilities. It helps you to boost up your performance efficiencies. It also suggests solutions and strategies to get out of problems. It helps you to develop leadership qualities in your personality. It also improves self management skills. It suggests you how to deal efficiently with your competitors. It directs how to make team work efficient.

Therefore motivation is very important in individual’s life as it gives solution to all the hurdles and complications while establishing or running any career. So, one must establish one must have some motivational spirit to get one’s targets in life.

By: Ammarah Khan

Dandruff 7 Mar 2012 9:59 AM (13 years ago)

Hair care Tips Can Restore Your Hair Health

Hair makes an important part of your personality but unfortunately these are the most neglected one. Often people focus their figure, face, hands and feet but forget hair. You must remember that hair can be your recognition if these are good enough to be remembered. Hair care tips can give you such solutions which you can apply to restore your hair health. Before you apply any of the remedies to your hair, this is important to know what the reason for your hair spoil is. Often people ignore intake issues and focus applying ingredients to hair without realizing that their hair needs something else.

For getting good hair health, this is important to know that your intake is good enough. It must have proper iron on regular bases because iron does wonders for your hair. Iron makes your hair strong and repairs the breakage. You can have balance diet chart if you are unaware of natural things which can give you hair ointment. Any beautician or nutritionist can do this do for you. Proteins are second constituent which are much significant in hair health. Protein adds shine to hair and enhances their glow.

Dandruff can be the biggest reason of hair weakness. It increase hair fall and leaves you with great issues of weak hair roots. Therefore, you must take care that your hair are free from dandruff. Though this is not possible not to have even a bit of dandruff in the era where we are living, yet efforts can be made to lessen it. Extreme dandruff does not need any companion to spoil your hair health. Proper and regular hair massage can restore your hair’s original condition and can make you free from dandruff.

Too much rubbing or dyes usage can also destroy your hair. Do not apply excessive dye colors and always use those colors which are recommended by your beautician. Shampoo must be chosen as per your hair nature. Do not choose such a shampoo which can weaken your hair or give some allergic effects in the skin of your head. Sometimes, excessive shampoo also causes unnecessary dandruff. Few people suffer from this devilish thing because they try to experiment medicated shampoos on their hair and think that it will work to reduce the dandruff. But in fact they are adding to it.

The best suitable way to reduce the dandruff is to make sure that you do not ignore your hair and keep them unwashed for long days. Wash your hair regularly even you feel that these are shiny enough to stay good without a wash. At least wash them after a couple of days. Unseen dust particles accumulate in the roots and weaken them, this degenerates the hormone production which in result brings out dandruff issue.

Often people love to take shower with hot water in winters, yes, that is what everybody does but this is extremely dangerous for the hair roots and skin. It brings out itching and irritating pricking in your head. You may wonder why you find your fingers always busy in pricking the head skin after you finish your bath. This is the hot water bath of your hair which shows its results immediately. Remember one thing that hair and the skin below is very sensitive and receives the effects very soon. Avoid hot water when you wash your head. You will feel the difference in your dandruff level.

Often it is found that instead of medicated creams and shampoos, herbal oils bring relatively better treatment of dandruff. One misconception is of the fact that people feel the dandruff is due to the lack of fats; so they start applying ample of oil with the hair dripping it down, but this is not the real story. Dandruff, in fact is excessive accumulation of fats. Therefore, do not panic in massaging your head with plenty of oil. Yes, you can have good massage twice a weak using soft hand. Choose herbal treatment for getting rid of dandruff.

Proper cutting of hair is much important. Don’t leave your hair like unattended herbs, hair are like little plants which need regular nourishing. Like the way, unwanted leaves are cut off, in the same way useless hair must be removed. This increase hair growth and leaves them with a fresh look. Trimming at the edges also lets hair to increase the production rate. Therefore, you must visit some barber or beautician for having regular trimming or cutting. Before you go for edging of your hair, make sure that your hair are neat and washed. Unwashed hair does not bring good trimming results.

By: Ammarah Khan

PSYCHOSIS AND MANIA 6 Mar 2012 8:19 AM (13 years ago)

The psychotic disorders include schizophrenia, the manic phase of bipolar (manic-depressive) illness, acute idiopathic psychotic illnesses, and other conditions marked by severe agitation. All exhibit major disturbances in reasoning, often with delusions and hallucinations. Several classes of drugs are effective for symptomatic treatment. Antipsychotic agents also are useful alternatives to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in severe depression with psychotic features, and sometimes are used in the management of patients with psychotic disorders associated with delirium or dementia, or induced by other agents (e.g., stimulants or L-dopa).

Effective and clinically employed antipsychotic agents include phenothiazines, structurally similar thioxanthenes, benzepines, butyrophenones (phenylbutylpiperidines), diphenylbutylpiperidines, indolones, and other heterocyclic compounds. Because these chemically dissimilar drugs share many properties, information about their pharmacology and clinical uses is grouped. Particular attention is paid to chlorpromazine, the prototype of the phenothiazine-thioxanthene group of antipsychotic agents, and to haloperidol, the original butyrophenone and representative of several related classes of aromatic butylpiperidine derivatives. Contrasts to chemically dissimilar modern agents are highlighted.

The term neuroleptic is often applied to drugs that have relatively prominent experimental and clinical evidence of antagonism of D₂-dopamine receptor activity, with substantial risk of adverse extrapyramidal neurological effects and increased release of prolactin. The term atypical antipsychotic is applied to agents that are associated with substantially lower risks of such extrapyramidal effects. Representative examples include aripiprazole, clozapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and low doses of olanzapine and risperidone.

Although the antipsychotic drugs have had a revolutionary, beneficial impact on medical and psychiatric practice, their liabilities, especially the adverse effects of the older typical or neuroleptic agents, must be emphasized. Newer antipsychotics are atypical in having less risk of extra pyramidal side effects, but these agents present their own spectrum of adverse effects, including hypotension, seizures, weight gain, and increased risk of type II diabetes mellitus and hyper lipidemia.

The psychoses are among the most severe psychiatric disorders, in which there is not only marked impairment of behaviour, but also a serious inability to think coherently, to comprehend reality, or to gain insight into the presence of these abnormalities. These common disorders (affecting perhaps 1% of the population at some age) typically include symptoms of false beliefs (delusions) and abnormal sensations (hallucinations). Their etiological basis remains unknown, although genetic, neurodevelopmental, and environmental causative factors have all been proposed. Representative syndromes in this category include schizophrenia, brief psychoses, and delusional disorders. Psychotic features also occur in major mood disorders, particularly mania and severe melancholic depression. Psychotic illnesses are characterized by disordered thought processes (as inferred from illogical or highly idiosyncratic communications) with disorganized or irrational behaviour and varying degrees of altered mood that can range from excited agitation to severe emotional withdrawal. Idiopathic psychoses characterized by chronically disordered thinking and emotional withdrawal, and often associated with delusions and auditory hallucinations, are called schizophrenia. Acute and recurrent idiopathic psychoses that bear an uncertain relationship to schizophrenia or the major affective disorders also occur. Delusions that are more or less isolated are characteristic of delusional disorder or paranoia.

The beneficial effects of antipsychotic drugs are not limited to schizophrenia. They also are employed in disorders ranging from postsurgical delirium and amphetamine intoxication to paranoia, mania, psychotic depression, and the agitation of Alzheimer’s dementia. They are especially useful in severe depression and possibly in other conditions marked by severe turmoil or agitation.

Several cognitive functions, including auditory processing and attention, spatial organization, verbal learning, semantic and verbal memory, and executive functions, are impaired in schizophrenia patients and are a major source of social and occupational dysfunction and disability. Potent D₂-antagonist neuroleptics have very limited beneficial effects on such functions. Some atypical antipsychotic agents with mixed D₂/5-HT_2A activity (including clozapine, quetiapine, olanzapine, and risperidone), as well as the D₂ partial agonist aripiprazole, seem to improve cognitive functioning in psychotic patients in social and occupational function during long-term treatment of chronically psychotic patients with these drugs are not well documented.

Antipsychotic drugs have inconsistent effects on sleep patterns but tend to normalize sleep disturbances characteristic of many psychoses and mania. The ability to prolong and enhance the effect of opioid and hypnotic drugs appears to parallel the sedative, rather than the neuroleptic, potency of a particular agent, so that potent, less-sedating antipsychotics do not enhance sleep.
The antipsychotic drugs affect all levels of the central nervous system. Although knowledge of the actions underlying the antipsychotic and many of the neurological effects of antipsychotic drugs remains incomplete, theories based on their ability to antagonize the actions of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia and limbic portions of the forebrain are most prominent. Although supported by a large body of data, these theories reflect a degree of circularity in the consideration of antipsychotic drug candidates for development after identifying their antidopaminergic activity.

Since psychosis involves disordered thought processes, cortical effects of antipsychotic drugs are of particular interest. Antipsychotic drugs interact with dopaminergic projections to the prefrontal and deep-temporal (limbic) regions of the cerebral cortex, with relative sparing of these areas from adaptive changes in dopamine metabolism that would suggest tolerance to the actions of neuroleptics.

Many neuroleptic drugs can lower the seizure threshold and induce discharge patterns in the electroencephalogram (EEG) ¾effects associated with epileptic seizure disorders. Clozapine, olanzapine, and aliphatic phenothiazines with low potency (such as chlorpromazine) seem particularly able to do this, while the more potent piperazine phenothiazines and thioxanthenes (notably fluphenazine and thiothixene), risperidone, and quetiapine are much less likely to have this effect. The butyrophenones and molindone variably and unpredictably rarely cause seizures. Clozapine has a clearly dose-related risk of inducing EEG abnormalities and seizures in no epileptic patients.

Antipsychotic agents, especially clozapine, olanzapine, and low-potency phenothiazines and thioxanthenes, should be used with extreme caution, if at all, in untreated epileptic patients and in patients undergoing withdrawal from CNS depressants such as alcohol, barbiturates, or benzodiazepines. Most antipsychotic drugs, especially the piperazines as well as the newer atypical agents’ aripiprazole, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone, can be used safely in epileptic patients if moderate doses are attained gradually and if concomitant anticonvulsant drug therapy is maintained. .
Because the extrapyramidal effects of many antipsychotic drugs are prominent, a great deal of interest has centred on their actions in the basal ganglia, notably the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and allied nuclei, which play a crucial role in the control of posture and the extrapyramidal aspects of movement. The critical pathogenic role of dopamine deficiency in this region in Parkinson’s disease, the potent activity of neuroleptics as dopamine receptor antagonists, and the striking resemblance between clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s disease and some of the neurological effects of neuroleptic drugs have all focused attention on the role of deficient dopaminergic activity in some of the neuroleptic-induced extra pyramidal effects.

By: Ammarah Khan

How Marketing on Facebook Promotes Facebook itself? 2 Mar 2012 11:27 PM (13 years ago)

Not before a decade, facebook seemed weird in Asian countries like Pakistan. It was not that people did not know about it, but the thing was that they do not find themselves enjoying it and thought it another rival which is here to keep youngsters busy. Within years, trends changed and population using facebook tremendously increased in Pakistan. Elders, teenagers, school going boys and girls and even a child who can operate computer became addicted of this social media. It gave a chance to people to communicate, to share and to know what other think and how are they in different in their opinion.

Facebook was not limited only to this, it started going beyond, and companies hovered on it to advertise their business and to get great profits for them. In the beginning, nobody knew that advertising on facebook can be so beneficial and profitable. In fact this is a two way traffic, advertising on facebook brings benefit to both parties, to facebook itself and to the advertiser. Advertisement on facebook promotes it and adds to its population.

It was in gone days when it was necessary for one to have a website for the promotion of a business. Now, facebook does all that. No need to have a web designed for your business, you can do all it with your facebook marketing. Personal accounts on facebook are not allowed to be used in commercial ways. Yet, facebook advertisement pages are made to promote the business launched and to make the product famous all over the world. Terms of use and privacy is the only concern, you need to take care of before going on marketing while using facebook.

This is quite simple to have a facebook page for your product. You can even use it with facebook social plug INS. The first step is to create strong profile which can be called a brand. This page must have a relevant and catchy picture, contact information and the relevant details. After that is the job of adding friends and calling fans through sending invitations individually or to community groups.

For the last over a decade facebook marketing has replaced all other tools of advertisement on internet. All search engines including Google show facebook marketing in the top ways of advertisement being used in the global town of the digital world.

Surprisingly, facebook does not cost a single penny for marketing. It’s all free for all types of users and people are making lot of money on hourly basis by expanding their business through facebook marketing. This is a boom that facebook has introduced for last few years and people find no other way yet to come and get the maximum of benefit.

This benefits both; facebook itself and the brand or user. The benefit a brand gets is obvious that the products are viewed many times in a day when being used as ads on facebook. On the other side, facebook is also promoted by running marketing on it.

It brings increase in its number of users with every individual becoming a viewer of the posted ads. Everyone who uses or buys the product through facebook marketing is indirectly promoting facebook itself. Facebook gets paid every time when someone clicks on the product presented in the ads. Profit is gained with every single click. Moreover businesses have to pay for their advert. Greater the site is more options are available to get profit.

Moreover facebook itself get advertised with every marketing ad posted on. This all helps a web to get the higher ranking in the result search of search engines and thus getting the top position among the competitors. Sometimes facebook sells gifts as ads, one may choose for his friend and pays for that directly to facebook. This becomes another source of earning for facebook administrators yet a greater part of its promotion comes by the digital marketing and advertisement.

This is a two way traffic which benefits both parties equally. However, facebook has made the work tons of easier than creating a separate blog or web. Now, there are hundreds of groups and communities on facebook run by public or owners. These groups are working at wonderful pace and making way easier. It can be assumed that with coming few years, blogs creation may be replaced by group making on facebook.

By: Ammarah Khan

How to Get Rid of Pimples; Home Remedies 29 Feb 2012 5:04 AM (13 years ago)

Nothing is as old as mankind yet acne seems. When following anthropology, you will come to know that skin diseases kept haunting human beings in every era, in every age and in every civilization. Starting from Stone Age, going to Greek Mythology and visiting Indus Valley civilization through the pages of history, you will find that this has been something present everywhere. When it comes to skin diseases, Acne constitutes major part of it. Though there is no age limit in the patients of acne, yet young generation is relatively more vulnerable to this disease.

It is revealed through medical research that blood hormones secretion maintains the skin freshness and complexion. If there is some disturbance in the distribution or production of these hormones, you can suffer from any type of skin problem including acne. Body fats and extra accumulation of wastage in the blood can also lead to some severe acne problem. Therefore, this is important to have awareness that there is no excess of fats intake in your daily diet. To your wonder how you can control your body fats production, the answer is simple, and through your intake you can regulate your blood hormonal system.

Acne problem is increasing day by day. Pimples are very common of acne problem. By the way, many of us may not know what are these pimples in fact? Pimple is a small hard inflamed spot on the skin. It kills the beauty of the skin. Especially oily skin is mostly victimized and suffers this problem. Dirt and pollution are major sources which can populate your skin with enormous pimples. You should take care of your skin especially of face so that pimples don’t appear on it; there are numbers of methods to get rid of pimples after they appear.

You should wash your face at least twice in a day and should use a cleanser for it. If you suffer with pimples, you should always use a cleanser with the proposal of dermatologist. Avoid using any medicated cream or lotion by yourself or somebody’s suggestion. It may more complicate the condition of pimples. Take healthy diet and avoid eating the oily or junk food. Drink eight or ten glass of water daily.

Many home treatments are available to remedy the pimples. Home treatments are found very beneficial for this problem. It is quite possible that you may remedy completely from pimples after using them. The use of aloe Vera, Apple Cider Vinegar, Baking Soda, Epson Salt, Lemon And Orange Peel, Honey, Green Tea, are commonly used in home treatment for pimples’ remedy. Few of the usages are below:

1-      Add three teaspoon honey in one teaspoon cinnamon powder. Apply this mixture all over the face at night. You will see miraculous results after two weeks.

2-      Make facial mask at home by using grated apple and honey and apply it on your face. It is also found one of the best treatments for pimples.

3-      Rubbing garlic on to the infected part of the face is another beneficial home treatment.

4-      Regularly apply the Cucumber pulp and tomato pulp on the face. These are very effective and help to get rid of pimples.

5-      Add some water and turmeric in the crushed Margo’s (neem) leaves. Use this mixture on to all over the face and leave it for two hours.

6-      Make the mixture by taking the same quantity of basin and rice powder. Add some water in this mixture and apply it on the face. It is the best scrub for acne skin.

7-      Oil of tree leaves and aloe Vera jell is an effective home treatment. It harms the oily cells of your face.

8-      Strawberry is the best fruit which is mostly used in acne’s treatment products. You can make it a part of your diet to get rid of pimples.

9-      Before applying the face wash, if you add some baking soda and apply this mixture on your face. After some days, all pimples on your face will disappear.

The above home treatments are commonly used to get rid of pimples, but these are not for all types of skin. However, you can find good results after using any of the mentioned treatment. You can’t get rid of pimples over night so have patience and compete your life challenges with shiny smile.

By: Ammarah Khan

Plagiarism Checker Free 23 Feb 2012 1:50 AM (13 years ago)

Plagiarism is an unforgiving act which can make you out of writings. So, this is better to spend few minutes in checking your text for plagiarism than to suffer for long years. Free plagiarism checker has made this job very easy now. Writers can get satisfaction and can be complete confident about their writing after checking it for plagiarism. Before you go for online checking, keep an eye on one thing that checker is certified and original. Some black sheep are also found who simply work to steal the ideas.

Plagiarism is one of the biggest issues faced by today’s writers. Writing; it may be for academic purposes, business need or it may for an online site you are writing for, it is never acceptable anywhere and one who is found guilty of plagiarism is away from the market forever. Therefore, this is matter of great importance that you are quite confident about the fact what you have written is free of all types of plagiarism. It is possible only when you have checked your text word by word. Seems impossible? What if the written text is of thousands words? Here is the solution for such problems in the form of plagiarism checker software.

Manually, it is impossible to reread every bit of your script for finding or detecting plagiarism. This is also found impossible that you are an encyclopedia in yourself who is aware of every word being published in online world of internet; therefore only solution that can give you satisfaction of being plagiarism free is some plagiarism checker. In the beginning, when writers were few, these checkers were also very less and their results sometimes were vague. But now when writing needs have been grown, plagiarism checker free demand has also been increased. Many companies are focusing it to have their content free of all errors.

Sometimes, you do not copy or steal any content but this is by chance that your content matches with that of some prior writings, this type of plagiarism can’t be justified even when you are not guilty. Therefore, this is better to check your text even when you know that you have not written even a fragment copied from some source. Plagiarism checker free scrutinizes your text thoroughly and brings results to you. This enables you to know what percentage of your text is original and how much is copied?

Today, there are many online companies who hold a claim that their plagiarism software is one of the best in the world and ask you to pay some dollars for them, I don’t say that they are fake in their claim but let me tell you there is plethora of free online plagiarism software’s for which you need not pay a single penny. It simply asks you to bring your written content and get the results instantly. It does not ask you to go in hassle of finding any membership and get an access to its use. This is all free and a great blessing for professional as well as amateur writers.

When you insert your text, you have to click the button “start”, the software comes in action right after this click, and in a minute the worth of your content is found. It exactly tells you how many sentences of you are original and how many of them are plagiarized. It also highlights plagiarized fragments if found any in sentences. This makes you job easy to know what part of your writing needs your attention for making it original.

Mostly free online plagiarism checker highlights the plagiarized content in yellow, sometimes; red is also used for highlighting plagiarized text. If a part of sentence is copied, that will be highlighted and if there are fragments found in sentence which are plagiarized, only those fragments will be highlighted. Some checkers give results paragraph by paragraph. It makes you know how much of your paragraph needs change. Some checkers provide you with an option of attaching your document file as well, for this you need to choose the option of “attach a file”. After the uploading is complete, checker scrutinizes your file and gives you results for plagiarized content.

Plagiarism checker free does not ask you to pay even a penny for checking your content. It’s all free. You can check thousands of documents and texts daily. There is no word limit or time gap for getting the services of plagiarism checker. You can get it simply by going on to site of plagiarism checker. It does not even ask you to get registered. Some sites provide long procedures before these let you check your text for plagiarism but such sites mostly cost charges. Free checkers do not ask you to establish an account.

Your job is easier now as you simply have to attach your document or insert your content that you wish to be checked for plagiarism detection, leave the rest to plagiarism checker. It will do it for you. It will highlight all the copied content, even bits of fragments present in sentences. In this way, you will get an idea of how much percent your content needs a review. Yellow color highlighting will bring an idea of originality for your content. Internet has brought many wonders and blessings for writers but plagiarism checker is probably the biggest among them. It has given out a way to maintain and hold your dignified position in your writing field.

By: Ammarah Khan

Beauty Tips Add Color To Life 23 Feb 2012 1:41 AM (13 years ago)

Skin Care Tips:

Women are crazy to spend a lot on their skin but what? They face a lot of problems after they have any skin beauty treatment. Simple Skin care tips can give them great benefits. Skin facials and skin polish is sought for having great skin glow but sometimes it brings many side effects along. You can save your skin from these effects by applying some simple Skin care tips.

Many ladies face a problem of redness on their face after having facial. This redness is due to the fast and extraordinary circulation of the blood in that area which makes the redness to appear. Often this is on the cheeks, chin and somehow on the neck. This problem is because of the hard massage of creams. Remember that the massage must be done with the soft finger tips and you must avoid unnecessary rubbing. Another reason of redness can be the hard peeling of mask you have applied. This type of treatment must not be done with your skin. Skin care is a sensitive issue and you must never forget that skin plays very important role in looking you fresh and healthy.

Use a soft hand when the mask is to peel off. Do not prick your skin after you have facial even if you feel a need to do it.

Another reported problem is of the burning sensation which brings you to feel heat coming out from the cheeks and you feel as the skin burns are there. This is a result of the fast flow of circulation of blood and there is nothing to be worried to it as it is easy to get rid of. Take an ice cube and have a light pressing of it on the places where you feel this burning problem. This can be carried on the whole face to bring the instant relief.

There are some activities that you must avoid to perform after having a facial or your skin will face a severe damage. You must not go near fire after 5-6 hours. Any type of cooking or other things which involve you going near to fire, you must postpone them.

Do not use soaps immediately or you can have the skin burns. If you want to wash your face, use simple and plain water or any other face wash.

Avoid dust as your facial has cleansed your skin pores having all the dirty and the filthy materials and after facial these pores are open and can receive the maximum amount of these dust particles.

If you have another problem and are not gone by applying all these remedies, consult a skin specialist without wasting a minute.

Nail Care Tips:

Nails make an important part of your personality but unfortunately these are the most neglected one. Often people focus their figure, face, hands and feet but forget nails. You must remember that nails can be your recognition if these are good enough to be remembered. Nails care tips can give you such solutions which you can apply to restore your nails health. Before you apply any of the remedies to your nails, this is important to know what the reason for your nail spoil is. Often people ignore intake issues and focus applying ingredients to nails without realizing that their nails need something else.

Too much removing or varnish usage can also destroy your nails. Do not apply excessive varnish colors and always use those colors which are recommended by your beautician. Varnish must be chosen made by some registered companies. Do not choose such a varnish which is not made by registered company and can give some allergic effects on the surface of your nails.

For getting good nail health, this is important to know that your intake is good enough. It must have proper iron on regular bases because iron does wonders for your nails. Iron makes your nails strong and repairs the breakage. You can have balance diet chart if you are unaware of natural things which can give you nail ointment. Any beautician or nutritionist can do this do for you. Proteins are second constituent which are much significant in nails health. Protein adds shine to nails and enhances their glow.

Keep your nails tidy and clean, cut them regularly. Some people think that nails do not need regular cutting. They perhaps don’t know that regular cutting is much essential not only for your nails but also for your health. Do not buy used materials for applying on your nails like nail remover tissue and others. Used nail cutter can also transfer germs to your nails and these can lose their natural glow. For making your nails shiny, you must use onion. Apply onion from the tip till end of your nail. Onion has natural capacity of polishing your nails.

If you are crazy about nail colors and can’t survive without these, you must use them with precautions. Do not apply one after the other without removing previous one. Your nails need a break to be free from all varnishes to maintain their natural shine. You can apply mild nail shiner if your nails are rough. One thing to remember is that you must need a time of at least twenty four hours after removing your varnish and applying another one. These simple tips will surely restore your nail health.

By: Ammarah Khan

Some More About EPILEPSY 21 Feb 2012 7:04 AM (13 years ago)

In my previous article, I discussed general symptoms and common observations about epilepsy but let me confess that there is no end to one’s pen when it is about some such disorder, the cure which has not been found. In this article, I have capsulated some more informative material which may add some knowledge to the provision at your end.

More than a century ago, John Hughlings Jackson, the father of modern concepts of epilepsy, proposed that seizures were caused by “occasional, sudden, excessive, rapid and local discharges of gray matter,” and that a generalized convulsion resulted when normal brain tissue was invaded by the seizure activity initiated in the abnormal focus. This insightful proposal provided a valuable framework for thinking about mechanisms of partial epilepsy.

The advent of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the 1930s permitted the recording of electrical activity from the scalp of humans with epilepsy and demonstrated that the epilepsies are disorders of neuronal excitability. The pivotal role of synapses in mediating communication among neurons in the mammalian brain suggested that defective synaptic function might lead to a seizure. That is, a reduction of inhibitory synaptic activity or enhancement of excitatory synaptic activity might be expected to trigger a seizure; pharmacological studies of seizures supported this notion.

The neurotransmitters mediating the bulk of synaptic transmission in the mammalian brain are amino acids, with g-amino butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate being the principal inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, respectively. Pharmacological studies disclosed that antagonists of the GABA_A receptor or agonists of different glutamate-receptor subtypes (NMDA, AMPA, or kainic acid) trigger seizures in experimental animals in vivo. Conversely, pharmacological agents that enhance GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition suppress seizures in diverse models. Glutamate-receptor antagonists also inhibit seizures in diverse models, including seizures evoked by electroshock and chemical consultants such as pentylenetetrazol.

Such studies support the idea that pharmacological regulation of synaptic function can regulate the propensity for seizures and provide a framework for electrophysiological analyses aimed at elucidating the role of both synaptic and no synaptic mechanisms in expression of seizures and epilepsy. Progress in techniques of electrophysiology has fostered the progressive refinement of the level of analysis of seizure mechanisms from the EEG to populations of neurons (field potentials) to individual neurons to individual synapses and individual ion channels on individual neurons.

Cellular electrophysiological studies of epilepsy over roughly two decades beginning in the mid-1960s were focused on elucidating the mechanisms underlying the depolarization shift (DS), the intracellular correlate of the “interictal spike”. The interictal (or between-seizures) spike is a sharp waveform recorded in the EEG of patients with epilepsy; it is asymptomatic in that it is accompanied by no detectable change in the patient’s behaviour. The location of the interictal spike helps localize the brain region from which seizures originate in a given patient. The DS consists of a large depolarization of the neuronal membrane associated with a burst of action potentials.

In most cortical neurons, the DS is generated by a large excitatory synaptic current that can be enhanced by activation of voltage-regulated intrinsic membrane currents. Although the mechanisms generating the DS are increasingly understood, it remains unclear whether the interictal spike triggers a seizure, inhibits a seizure, or is an epiphenomenon with respect to seizure occurrence in an epileptic brain. While these questions remain unanswered, study of the mechanisms of DS generation set the stage for inquiry into the cellular mechanisms of a seizure.

The mechanisms of action of anti seizure drugs fall into three major categories. Drugs effective against the most common forms of epileptic seizures, partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, appear to work by one of two mechanisms. One is to limit the sustained, repetitive firing of neurons, an effect mediated by promoting the inactivated state of voltage-activated Na⁺ channels. A second mechanism appears to involve enhanced g-amino butyric acid (GABA)-mediated synaptic inhibition; an effect mediated either by a presynaptic or postsynaptic action. Drugs effective against absence seizure, a less common form of epileptic seizure, limit activation of a particular voltage-activated Ca²⁺ channel known as the T current.

Although many treatments are available, much effort is being devoted to novel approaches. Many of these approaches centre on elucidating the genetic causes and the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which a normal brain becomes epileptic, insights that promise to provide molecular targets for both symptomatic and preventive therapies.
By: Ammarah Khan

Epilepsy 21 Feb 2012 6:59 AM (13 years ago)

Humanity has always been victimized by various monstrous diseases which have ribbed its beauty till they were cured. On of such diseases is epilepsy; you must have heard people around you talking about a young girl or boy going through some abnormal shaky vibrations and considering it a result of witches or some black charm casted by an enemy. Stay awhile to read the article and to explore that science and medicine have progressed enough to discover the root cause of those phases which were considered a supernatural effect in the past. Day by day, the ratio of such notions are going to be reduced which took an epilepsy patient to some quack instead of hospital.

The epilepsies are common and frequently devastating disorders, affecting approximately 2.5 million people in the United States alone. More than 40 distinct forms of epilepsy have been identified. Epileptic seizures often cause transient impairment of consciousness, leaving the individual at risk of bodily harm and often interfering with education and employment. Therapy is symptomatic because available drugs inhibit seizures, but neither effective prophylaxis nor cure is available. Compliance with medication is a major problem because of the need for long-term therapy together with unwanted effects of many drugs.

The term seizure refers to a transient alteration of behaviour due to the disordered, synchronous, and rhythmic firing of populations of brain neurons. The term epilepsy refers to a disorder of brain function characterized by the periodic and unpredictable occurrence of seizures. Seizures can be “no epileptic” when evoked in a normal brain by treatments such as electroshock or chemical convulsions or “epileptic” when occurring without evident provocation. Pharmacological agents in current clinical use inhibit seizures, and thus are referred to as anti seizure drugs. Whether any of these prevent the development of epilepsy (epileptogenesis) is uncertain.

Seizures are thought to arise from the cerebral cortex, and not from other central nervous system (CNS) structures such as the thalamus, brainstem, or cerebellum. Epileptic seizures have been classified into partial seizures, those beginning focally in a cortical site, and generalized seizures, those that involve both hemispheres widely from the outset. The behavioural manifestations of a seizure are determined by the functions normally served by the cortical site at which the seizure arises.

For example, a seizure involving motor cortex is associated with clinic jerking of the body part controlled by this region of cortex. A simple partial seizure is associated with preservation of consciousness. A complex partial seizure is associated with impairment of consciousness. The majority of complex partial seizures originate from the temporal lobe. Examples of generalized seizures include absence, myoclonic, and tonic-clonic. The type of epileptic seizure is one determinant of the drug selected for therapy. More detailed information is presented in.

Apart from this epileptic seizure classification, an additional classification specifies epileptic syndromes, which refer to a cluster of symptoms frequently occurring together and include seizure types, aetiology, age of onset, and other factors. More than 40 distinct epileptic syndromes have been identified and categorized into partial versus generalized epilepsies. The partial epilepsies may consist of any of the partial seizure types and account for roughly 60% of all epilepsies. The aetiology commonly consists of a lesion in some part of the cortex, such as a tumour, developmental malformation, damage due to trauma or stroke, etc. Such lesions often are evident on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Alternatively, the aetiology may be genetic. The generalized epilepsies are characterized most commonly by one or more of the generalized seizure types listed in and account for approximately 40% of all epilepsies.

The aetiology is usually genetic. The most common generalized epilepsy is referred to as juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, accounting for approximately 10% of all epileptic syndromes. The age of onset is in the early teens, and the condition is characterized by myoclonic, tonic-clonic, and often absence seizures. Like most of the generalized-onset epilepsies, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is a complex genetic disorder that is probably due to inheritance of multiple susceptibility genes; there is a familial clustering of cases, but the pattern of inheritance is not mandolin. The classification of epileptic syndromes guide clinical assessment and management and in some instances selection of anti seizure drugs.

This is one of understandable facts that epilepsy does exist and prolongs like other diseases. This is not necessary to kill a person going through epileptic conditions by exposing him to some non sensible way of treatment adopted by frauds. The thing which you need to educate people around is that there is no role of supernatural forces in bringing epilepsy to human beings. It is there because it has to be till science finds some strong or unbeatable cure for the disease.

By: Ammarah Khan

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE (HD) 19 Feb 2012 10:13 AM (13 years ago)

HD is a dominantly inherited disorder characterized by the gradual onset of motor incoordination and cognitive decline in midlife. Symptoms develop insidiously, either as a movement disorder manifest by brief, jerk like movements of the extremities, trunk, face, and neck (chorea) or as personality changes or both. Fine motor incoordination and impairment of rapid eye movements are early features. Occasionally, especially when the onset of symptoms occurs before age 20, choric movements are less prominent; instead, bradykinesia and dystonia predominate.

As the disorder progresses, the involuntary movements become more severe, dysarthria and dysphagia develop, and balance is impaired. The cognitive disorder manifests first as slowness of mental processing and difficulty in organizing complex tasks. Memory is affected, but affected persons rarely lose their memory of family, friends, and the immediate situation. Such persons often become irritable, anxious, and depressed. Less frequently, paranoia and delusional states are manifest. The outcome of HD is invariably fatal; over a course of 15 to 30 years, the affected person becomes totally disabled and unable to communicate, requiring full-time care; death ensues from the complications of immobility.

HD is characterized by prominent neuronal loss in the striatum (caudate/putamen) of the brain. Atrophy of these structures proceeds in an orderly fashion, first affecting the tail of the caudate nucleus and then proceeding anteriorly from mediodorsal to ventrolateral. Other areas of the brain also are affected, although much less severely; morphometric analyses indicates that there are fewer neurons in cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and thalamus. Even within the striatum, the neuronal degeneration of HD is selective. Interneurons and afferent terminals are largely spared, whereas the striatal projection neurons (the medium spiny neurons) are severely affected. This leads to large decreases in striatal GABA concentrations, whereas somatisation and dopamine concentrations are relatively preserved.

Selective vulnerability also appears to underlie the most conspicuous clinical feature of HD, the development of chorea. In most adult-onset cases, the medium spiny neurons that project to the GPi and SNpr (the indirect pathway) appear to be affected earlier than those projecting to the GPe (the direct pathway).The disproportionate impairment of the indirect pathway increases excitatory drive to the neocortex, producing involuntary choreiform movements. In some individuals, rigidity rather than chorea is the predominant clinical feature; this is especially common in juvenile-onset cases. In these cases the striatal neurons giving rise to both the direct and indirect pathways are impaired to a comparable degree.

The HD gene is expressed widely throughout the body. High levels of expression are present in brain, pancreas, intestine, muscle, liver, adrenals, and testes. In brain, expression of IT15 does not correlate with neuron vulnerability: Although the striatum is most severely affected, neurons in all regions of the brain express similar levels of IT15 mRNA.

The ability of the HD mutation to produce selective neural degeneration despite nearly universal expression of the gene among neurons may be related to metabolic or excitotoxic mechanisms. For many years it has been noted that HD patients are thin, suggesting the presence of a systemic disturbance of energy metabolism. In animal models, agonists for the NMDA subtype of excitatory amino acid receptor can cause pathology similar to that seen in HD when they are injected into the striatum. Interestingly, inhibitors of complex II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain also can produce HD-like striatal lesions¾even when given systemically.

Furthermore, this pathology can be diminished by NMDA-receptor antagonists, suggesting that this is an example of a metabolic impairment giving rise to excitotoxic neuronal injury. Thus the link between the widespread expression of the gene for the abnormal IT15 protein in HD and the selective vulnerability of neurons in the disease may arise from the interaction of a widespread defect in energy metabolism with the intrinsic properties of striatal neurons, including their capacity and need for oxidative metabolism, as well as the types of glutamate receptors present.

An alternative mechanism for the neurodegeneration observed in HD has arisen from studies of effects of the disease on gene expression. In both the human disease and animal models there are striking and selective alterations in patterns of gene expression. This has led to the “transcriptional hypothesis” that suggests that the abnormal function of mutant Huntington may be an ability to alter or interfere with mechanisms of gene transcription.

These two hypotheses have given rise to trials of several different types of therapies in animal models and patients with HD, addressing on the one hand, metabolic defects and energy defects through treatment with agents such as coenzyme Q10 and, on the other hand, drugs that alter gene transcription. None of these approaches is yet established to be effective in altering the course of the disease.

Practical treatment for symptomatic HD emphasizes the selective use of medications. No current medication slows the progression of the disease, and many medications can impair function because of side effects. Treatment is needed for patients who are depressed, irritable, paranoid, excessively anxious, or psychotic. Depression can be treated effectively with standard antidepressant drugs with the caveat that drugs with substantial anticholinergic profiles can exacerbate chorea. Fluoxetine is effective treatment for both the depression and the irritability manifest in symptomatic HD.

Carbamazepine also has been found to be effective for depression. Paranoia, delusional states, and psychosis usually require treatment with antipsychotic drugs, but the doses required often are lower than those usually used in primary psychiatric disorders. These agents also reduce cognitive function and impair mobility and thus should be used in the lowest doses possible and should be discontinued when the psychiatric symptoms resolve. In individuals with predominantly rigid HD, clozapine, quetiapine or carbamazepine may be more effective for treatment of paranoia and psychosis.

The movement disorder of HD per se only rarely justifies pharmacological therapy. For those with large-amplitude chorea causing frequent falls and injury, dopamine-depleting agents such as tetrabenazine and reserpine can be tried, although patients must be monitored for hypotension and depression. Antipsychotic agents also can be used, but these often do not improve overall function because they decrease fine motor coordination and increase rigidity.

Many HD patients show worst of involuntary movements as a result of anxiety or stress. In these situations, judicious use of sedative or anxiolytic benzodiazepines can be very helpful. In juvenile-onset cases where rigidity rather than chorea predominates, dopamine agonists have had variable success in the improvement of rigidity. These individuals also occasionally develop myoclonus and seizures that can be responsive to clonazepam, valproic acid, and other anticonvulsants.

By: Ammarah Khan

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE (AD) 19 Feb 2012 10:08 AM (13 years ago)

AD produces an impairment of cognitive abilities that is gradual in onset but relentless in progression. Impairment of short-term memory usually is the first clinical feature, whereas retrieval of distant memories is preserved relatively well into the course of the disease. As the condition progresses, additional cognitive abilities are impaired, among them the ability to calculate, exercise visuospatial skills, and use common objects and tools (ideomotor apraxia).

The level of arousal or alertness of the patient is not affected until the condition is very advanced, nor is there motor weakness, although muscular contractures are an almost universal feature of advanced stages of the disease. Death, most often from a complication of immobility such as pneumonia or pulmonary embolism, usually ensues within 6 to 12 years of onset. The diagnosis of AD is based on careful clinical assessment of the patient and appropriate laboratory tests to exclude other disorders that may mimic AD; at present, no direct ante mortem confirmatory test exists.

AD is characterized by marked atrophy of the cerebral cortex and loss of cortical and subcortical neurons. The pathological hallmarks of AD are senile plaques, which are spherical accumulations of the protein b-amyloid accompanied by degenerating neuronal processes, and neurofibrillary tangles, composed of paired helical filaments and other proteins Although small numbers of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles can be observed in intellectually normal individuals, they are far more abundant in patients with AD, and the abundance of tangles is roughly proportional to the severity of cognitive impairment.

In advanced AD, senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are numerous and most abundant in the hippocampus and associative regions of the cortex, whereas areas such as the visual and motor cortices are relatively spared. This corresponds to the clinical features of marked impairment of memory and abstract reasoning, with preservation of vision and movement. The factors underlying the selective vulnerability of particular cortical neurons to the pathological effects of AD are not known.

The neurochemical disturbances that arise in AD have been studied intensively. Direct analysis of neurotransmitter content in the cerebral cortex shows a reduction of many transmitter substances that parallels neuronal loss; there is a striking and disproportionate deficiency of acetylcholine. The anatomical basis of the cholinergic deficit is the atrophy and degeneration of subcortical cholinergic neurons, particularly those in the basal forebrain (nucleus basalis of Meynert), that provide cholinergic innervation to the whole cerebral cortex.

The selective deficiency of acetylcholine in AD, as well as the observation that central cholinergic antagonists such as atropine can induce a state that bears some resemblance to the dementia of AD, has given rise to the “cholinergic hypothesis,” which proposes that a deficiency of acetylcholine is critical in the genesis of the symptoms of AD. Although the conceptualization of AD as a “cholinergic deficiency syndrome” in parallel with the “dopaminergic deficiency syndrome” of PD provides a useful framework, it is important to note that the deficit in AD is far more complex, involving multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, glutamate, and neuropeptides, and that in AD there is destruction of not only cholinergic neurons but also the cortical and hippocampal targets that receive cholinergic input.

The presence of aggregates of b-amyloid is a constant feature of AD. Until recently, it was not clear whether the amyloid protein was causally linked to the disease process or merely a by-product of neuronal death. The application of molecular genetics has shed some light on this question. B-amyloid from affected brains and found to be a short polypeptide of 42 to 43 amino acids. This information led to cloning of amyloid precursor protein (APP), a much larger protein of more than 700 amino acids, which is expressed widely by neurons throughout the brain in normal individuals as well as in those with AD.

The function of APP is unknown, although the structural features of the protein suggest that it may serve as a cell surface receptor for an as-yet-unidentified ligand. The production of b-amyloid from APP appears to result from abnormal proteolytic cleavage of APP by the b-site APP-cleaving enzyme BACE. This may be an important target of future therapies.

Analysis of APP gene structure in pedigrees exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance of AD has shown that in some families, mutations of the b-amyloid-forming region of APP are present, whereas in others, mutations of proteins involved in the processing of APP are implicated. These results suggest that it is possible for abnormalities in APP or its processing to cause AD.

The vast majority of cases of AD, however, are not familiar, and structural abnormality of APP or related proteins has not been observed consistently in these sporadic cases of AD. As noted earlier, common alleles of the Apo E protein have been found to influence the probability of developing AD. Many investigators believe that modifying the metabolism of APP might alter the course of AD in both familial and sporadic cases, but no clinically practical strategies have been developed.

A major approach to the treatment of AD has involved attempts to augment the cholinergic function of the brain. An early approach was the use of precursors of acetylcholine synthesis, such as choline chloride and phosphatidyl choline (lecithin). Although these supplements generally are well tolerated yet randomized trials have failed to demonstrate any clinically significant efficacy.

A somewhat more successful strategy has been the use of inhibitors of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), the catabolic enzyme for acetylcholine. Physostigmine, a rapidly acting, reversible AChE inhibitor, produces improved responses in animal models of learning, and some studies have demonstrated mild transitory improvement in memory following physostigmine treatment in patients with AD. The use of physostigmine has been limited because of its short half-life and tendency to produce symptoms of systemic cholinergic excess at therapeutic doses.

Four inhibitors of AChE currently are approved by the FDA for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: tacrine, donepezil , rivastigmine , and galantamine. Tacrine is a potent centrally acting inhibitor of AChE. Studies of oral tacrine in combination with lecithin have confirmed that there is indeed an effect of tacrine on some measures of memory performance, but the magnitude of improvement observed with the combination of lecithin and tacrine is modest at best . The side effects of tacrine often are significant and dose-limiting; abdominal cramping, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea are observed in up to one-third of patients receiving therapeutic doses, and elevations of serum transaminases are observed in up to 50% of those treated. Because of significant side effects, tacrine is not used widely clinically.

Donepezil is a selective inhibitor of AChE in the CNS with little effect on AChE in peripheral tissues. It produces modest improvements in cognitive scores in Alzheimer’s disease patients and has a long half-life, allowing once-daily dosing. Rivastigmine and galantamine are dosed twice daily and produce a similar degree of cognitive improvement. Adverse effects associated with donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine are similar in character but generally less frequent and less severe than those observed with tacrine; they include nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, and insomnia. Donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine are not associated with the hepatotoxicity that limits the use of tacrine.

An alternative strategy for the treatment of AD is the use of the NMDA glutamate-receptor antagonist memantine (NAMENDA). Memantine produces a use-dependent blockade of NMDA receptors. In patients with moderate to severe AD, use of memantine is associated with a reduced rate of clinical deterioration. Whether this is due to a true disease-modifying effect, possibly reduced excitotoxicity, or is a symptomatic effect of the drug is unclear. Adverse effects of memantine usually are mild and reversible and may include headache or dizziness.

By: Ammarah Khan

Why is Link Building important in SEO? 17 Feb 2012 8:28 AM (13 years ago)

SEO, SEO and SEO all around, then this is a must for you to know what are SEO and its relationship with link building. Top rated changes have been evolved by the role of Google as it has changed the field of future. Now the watchwords are different and are needed to be contemplated upon by the marketers running SEO. Previously search engines have been doing absolutely the opposite of what online marketers were trying to get. Marketers wanted to keep people engaged on their website to the maximum of time yet search engine optimization took people within seconds to somewhere else with the speedy search provided.

Google’s amalgamation with YouTube and Feed burner has literally changed the way and style as all the links, videos, images and data are available on one page. So, the trend is changed moving from sulky to speedy way. With the growing needs of SEO, trends are also been upgraded like other business. Marketers need to think upon the changing evolution of SEO and bring upcoming trends to keep them in the market.

Keyword research has been another tool of the success of SEO. It has been a parameter of knowing the rapid popularity of a web. The question here is how you know that you are on right track while choosing your keywords. It doesn’t matter you have launched a single web or lots, the matter is of the being the right one while choosing the keywords. Here you can take help of Google by matching your keywords in the resulted data of the exploration of your web.

Now thinking on the previous lines and ignoring your physical location, as before may not be a wise act if you are working for some geographic territories. Your search engine optimization should know your feasibility in the world. Sometimes it happens that you host one country but own another one, it may confuse search engine optimization and your project may not match as per to the subscribed locations. So, in this case, it is very essential to know what the engine knows about you.

Another launching trend in SEO is of the difference in the results of links appearing as one’s research. Some advertisers really get annoyed that they had to pay for little box while others get plethora of links on a single page. This again depends upon the type of research you are doing.

This is very essential for you to know the ranking of your web. The things making it popular, the barriers preventing it to be on the scene and Google ranking must be exactly known by you for having further plan. You also need to have a look at the most searched keywords and then compare them to yours for having a fair idea of your worth.

For having a secure survey of your web, Google is not the sufficient game. You can go to the other engines which give their own interpretations, yet they must to do is to opt the trends and keep your way flexible after comparing your ranking results with your competitors. This is the only way for marketers to up run their business in the town.

When you’re caught in the monstrous web of the serious problem of low traffic and the low customer flow to your website, SEO ranking shatters your site from top to the pit where the earnings are a big question mark. This is when you have been failed to bring the clients to visit your site and add to your traffic flow. You must know the changing trends and update your strategy and the knowledge which can benefit you on improving your ways for getting position in the successful site holders. You may wonder at times to find that your all applied tips go in vain when the traffic flow steadily does not prosper at all.

This is high time for you to get the issue dissolved by seeking consultancy from a group of professionals which wonderfully solves your all issues. At times you may be ignoring the fact that your site is unable to produce good and sufficient link building which are like oxygen for getting the traffic on to your site. The importance of link building cannot be ignored when you are having a competition in Search Engine Optimization ranking.

If you are unable to produce good promotion of link building you may not have any right to claim that your site has everything which is needed for a heavy flow of traffic. Because the back links promote your site and are a big source of turning the traffic to your site. If you are uncanny for having something like very exact backlink count; you must go for having some Search Engine Optimization tools which can help you building better backlinks while giving you the present count of your site’s backlinks and guiding you what is the real count needed by your site for getting top ranking position.

Back links play role of backbone in SEO business, it’s all about back links when you have high ranking, it means your site is good in producing back links and takes the visitors right back to the place and increases the clicks for you. hence, in other words for having successful business, it is very essential to have good link production or you will lose your traffic and may face a catastrophe, these links are coded with the text in HTML and when are run online, take their visitors to the place they are embedded for.

There are many online programs which offer their services to give good link production and help you come out of downfall and are successfully applied by various site holders running their business in the online market. For this; you simply have to visit online to find out what different programs are offering for you and what they can do by reviewing their customers and the services taken by them. Then wait for what? Do make a visit today and come to get the solution which can restore your traffic of your site and can make it apple’s eye for SEO ranking. All is just at arm’s length.

By: Ammarah Khan

BREAST CANCER 17 Feb 2012 8:23 AM (13 years ago)

The most common tumour in women, 216,000 women in the United States are

diagnosed and 40,000 die each year with breast cancer. Men also get breast

cancer at a rate of 150:1. Breast cancer is hormone-dependent. Women with

late menarche, early menopause, and first full-term pregnancy by age 18 have

a significantly reduced risk. The average American woman has about a 1 in 9

lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. Dietary fat is a controversial risk

factor. Oral contraceptives have little, if any, effect on risk and lower the risk

of endometrial and ovarian cancer. Voluntary interruption of pregnancy does

not increase risk. Estrogens replacement therapy may slightly increase the risk,

but the beneficial effects of estrogens on quality of life, bone mineral density,

and decreased risk of colorectal cancer appear to be somewhat outnumbered by

increases in cardiovascular and thrombotic disease. Women who received therapeutic

radiation before age 30 is at increased risk. Breast cancer risk is increased

when a sister and mother also had the disease.

Diagnosis

Breast cancer is usually diagnosed by biopsy of a nodule detected by mammogram

or by palpation. Women should be strongly encouraged to examine

their breasts monthly. In premenopausal women, questionable or nonsuspicious

(small) masses should be re-examined in 2–4 weeks (Fig. 74-1). A mass in a

premenopausal woman that persists throughout her cycle and any mass in a

postmenopausal woman should be aspirated. If the mass is a cyst filled with

non-bloody fluid that goes away with aspiration, the pt is returned to routine

screening. If the cyst aspiration leaves a residual mass or reveals bloody fluid,

the pt should have a mammogram and excisional biopsy. If the mass is solid,

the pt should undergo a mammogram and excisional biopsy. Screening mammograms

performed every other year beginning at age 50 have been shown to

save lives. The controversy regarding screening mammograms beginning at age

40 relates to the following facts: (1) the disease is much less common in the

40- to 49-year age group; screening is generally less successful for less common

problems; (2) workup of mammographic abnormalities in the 40- to 49-year

age group less commonly diagnoses cancer; and (3) about 35% of women who

are screened annually during their forties have an abnormality at some point

that requires a diagnostic procedure (usually a biopsy); yet very few evaluations

reveal cancer. However, many believe in the value of screening mammography

beginning at age 40. After 13–15 years of follow-up, women who start screening

at age 40 have a small survival benefit. Women with familial breast cancer

more often have false-negative mammograms. MRI is a better screening tool in

these women.

Staging

Therapy and prognosis are dictated by stage of disease. Unless the

breast mass is large or fixed to the chest wall, staging of the ipsilateral axilla is

performed at the time of lumpectomy (see below). Within pts of a given stage,

individual characteristics of the tumour may influence prognosis: expression of

estrogens receptor improves prognosis, while overexpression of HER-2/neu, mutations

in p53, high growth fraction, and aneuploidy worsen the prognosis.

Breast cancer can spread almost anywhere but commonly goes to bone, lungs,

liver, soft tissue and brain.

TREATMENT

Treatment varies with stage of disease. Duct carcinoma in situ is non-invasive tumour present in the breast ducts. Treatment of choice is wide excision with breast radiation therapy. In one

study, adjuvant tamoxifen further reduced risk of recurrence.

Invasive breast cancer can be classified as operable, locally advanced, and

metastatic. In operable breast cancer, outcome of primary therapy is the same

with modified radical mastectomy or lumpectomy followed by breast radiation

therapy. Axillary dissection may be replaced with sentinel node biopsy to

evaluate node involvement. The sentinel node is identified by injecting a dye

in the tumour site at surgery; the first node in which dye appears is the sentinel

node. Women with tumours _1 cm and negative axillary nodes require no

additional therapy beyond their primary lumpectomy and breast radiation.

Adjuvant combination chemotherapy for 6 months appears to benefit premenopausal

women with positive lymph nodes, pre- and postmenopausal

women with negative lymph nodes but with large tumours or poor prognostic

features, and postmenopausal women with positive lymph nodes whose tumours

do not express estrogens receptors. Estrogens receptor–positive tumours

_1 cm with or without involvement of lymph nodes are treated with aromatase

inhibitors. Women who began treatment with tamoxifen before aromatase

inhibitors were approved should switch to an aromatase inhibitor after

5 years of tamoxifen.

Adjuvant chemotherapy is added to hormonal therapy in estrogens receptor–

positive, node-positive women and is used without hormonal therapy in

estrogens receptor–negative node-positive women, whether they are pre- or

postmenopausal. Various regimens have been used. The most effective regimen

appears to be four cycles of doxorubicin, 60 mg/m2, plus cyclophosphamide,

600 mg/m2, IV on day 1 of each 3-weekcycle followed by four cycles

of paclitaxel, 175 mg/m2, by 3-h infusion on day 1 of each 3-weekcycle.

The activity of other combinations is being explored. In premenopausal

women, ovarian ablation [e.g., with the luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone

(LHRH) inhibitor goserelin] may be as effective as adjuvant chemotherapy.

Tamoxifen adjuvant therapy (20 mg/d for 5 years) or an aromatase inhibitor

(anastrazole, letrozole, exemestane) is used for pre- or postmenopausal

women with tumours expressing estrogens receptors whose nodes are positive

or whose nodes are negative but with large tumours or poor prognostic features.

50 mg/m2, and 5-fluorouracil 500 mg/m2 all given IV on days 1 and 8 of a

monthly cycle for 6 cycles) followed by surgery plus breast radiation therapy.

Treatment for metastatic disease depends upon estrogens receptor status

and treatment philosophy. No therapy is known to cure pts with metastatic

disease. Randomized trials do not show that the use of high-dose therapy with

hematopoietic stem cell support improves survival. Median survival is about

16 months with conventional treatment: tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors for

estrogens receptor–positive tumours and combination chemotherapy for receptor-

negative tumours. Pts whose tumours express HER-2/neu have somewhat

higher response rates by adding trastuzumab (anti-HER-2/neu) to chemotherapy.

Some advocate sequential use of active single agents in the setting of

metastatic disease. Active agents in anthracycline- and taxane-resistant disease

include capecitabine, vinorelbine, gemcitabine, irinotecan, and platinum

agents. Pts progressing on adjuvant tamoxifen may benefit from an aromatase

inhibitor such as letrozole or anastrazole. Bisphosphonates reduce skeletal

complications and may promote antitumor effects

By: Ammarah Khan

Asthma Treatment 17 Feb 2012 5:21 AM (13 years ago)

As in previous article of mine, I promised to bring some effective drugs which are found very helpful in asthma treatment, these are here. These drug groups have been used successfully in medical field and are giving very beneficial results. Yes, there are certainly side effects with each group, depending upon the nature and concentration of these drugs. For prevention from these side effects, some extra medication is given in severe cases; anyhow such cases are found less in ratio.

As far as reasons of asthma are concerned, one if the biggest is counted as inheritance. This is family disease which is transferred to generations after generations through family genes. If a pregnant woman is suffering from asthma, the born infant will surely be a victim of the same disease. Therefore condition of these chronic patients is often more severe than those individuals who get it by any other reason. Though continuous research is carried in this field to bring some more magical drug groups in practice, but those which are already in practice are given below.

The selective beta₂ agonists (selective beta₂-adrenoceptor agonists, selective beta₂ stimulants) such as salbutamol or terbutaline are the safest and most effective short-acting beta₂ agonists for asthma. Less selective beta₂ agonists such as orciprenaline should be avoided whenever possible. Adrenaline (epinephrine) (which has both alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor agonist properties) is used in the emergency management of allergic and anaphylactic reactions

Ipratropium can provide short-term relief in chronic asthma, but short-acting beta₂ agonists act more quickly and are preferred. Ipratropium by nebulization can be added to other standard treatment in life-threatening asthma or if acute asthma fails to improve with standard therapy. The aerosol inhalation of ipratropium can be used for short-term relief in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients who are not using a long-acting antimuscarinic drug. Its maximal effect occurs 30–60 minutes after use; its duration of action is 3 to 6 hours and bronchodilation can usually be maintained with treatment 3 times a day.

Theophylline is a bronchodilator used for asthma and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; it is not generally effective in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may have an additive effect when used in conjunction with small doses of beta₂ agonists; the combination may increase the risk of side-effects, including hypokalemia.

Theophylline is metabolized in the liver; there is considerable variation in plasma-theophylline concentration particularly in smokers, in patients with hepatic impairment or heart failure, or if certain drugs are taken concurrently. The plasma-theophylline concentration is increased in heart failure, cirrhosis, viral infections, in the elderly, and by drugs that inhibit its metabolism. The plasma-theophylline concentration is decreased in smokers and in chronic alcoholism and by drugs that induce liver metabolism.

Corticosteroids are effective in asthma; they reduce airway inflammation (and hence reduce edema and secretion of mucus into the airway).An inhaled corticosteroid is used regularly for prophylaxis of asthma when patients require a beta₂ agonist more than twice a week, or if symptoms disturb sleep more than once a week, or if the patient has suffered exacerbations in the last 2 years requiring a systemic corticosteroid or a nebulized bronchodilator. Regular use of inhaled corticosteroids reduces the risk of exacerbation of asthma.

Corticosteroid inhalers must be used regularly for maximum benefit; alleviation of symptoms usually occurs 3 to 7 days after initiation. Beclometasone dipropionate, budesonide, fluticasone propionate, and mometasone furoate appear to be equally effective. Preparations that combine a corticosteroid with a long-acting beta₂ agonist may be helpful for patients stabilized on the individual components in the same proportion. Patients taking long-term oral corticosteroids for asthma can often be transferred to an inhaled corticosteroid but the transfer must be slow, with gradual reduction in the dose of the oral corticosteroid, and at a time when the asthma is well controlled.

The mode of action of sodium cromoglicate and nedocromil is not completely understood. They may be of value in asthma with an allergic basis, but, in practice, it is difficult to predict who will benefit; they could probably be given for 4 to 6 weeks to assess response. Dose frequency is adjusted according to response but is usually 3 to 4 times a day initially; this may subsequently be reduced. The leukotriene receptor antagonists; montelukast and zafirlukast, block the effects of cysteinyl leukotrienes in the airways. They are effective in asthma when used alone or with an inhaled corticosteroid.

In severe cases, patients should never be experimented with the same medication as they may need some emergency treatment at the moment, so never delay taking such cases to hospital. Urgent emergency treatment will surely bring a momentary relief to them and it is often found, patient feels much better and starts breathing normally for some time.

By: Ammarah Khan

Asthma 17 Feb 2012 5:14 AM (13 years ago)

About three decades before, asthma was heard with some shocking ears and sympathising eyes but now every other person is suffering with asthma. You can’t find any age group free of this disease. Children even infants are found very vulnerable to this disease. This unique article of mine will help you know what is the root cause of asthma and how can it be treated.

Asthma is a common disorder, accounting in the United States for 1% to 3% of all office visits, 500,000 hospital admissions per year, more paediatric hospital admissions than any other single illness, and more than 5000 deaths annually. The pharmacological therapy of asthma employs drugs aimed at reducing airway inflammation (i.e., anti-inflammatory agents) and drugs aimed more directly at decreasing bronchospasm (i.e., bronchodilators). To these ends, six classes of therapeutic agents are presently indicated for asthma treatment: b adrenergic receptor agonists, glucocorticoids, leukotriene inhibitors, chromones, methylxanthines, and inhibitors of immunoglobulin E (IgE). Each of these classes is discussed below.

Asthma is associated with inflammation of the airway wall. Increased numbers of various types of inflammatory cells, most notably eosinophils but also basophiles, mast cells, macrophages, and certain types of lymphocytes, can be found in airway wall biopsies and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatic patients. Inflammatory mediators and various cytokines also are increased in the airways of asthmatic subjects compared with healthy control subjects. How bronchial inflammation contributes to the asthmatic condition remains poorly understood. Even asthmatics with normal baseline lung function and no recent exacerbations of their asthma have increased numbers of inflammatory cells in their airways.

Conversely, many individuals allergic to inhaled allergens have evidence of lower airway inflammation but suffer only from the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. The basis for this inflammation is not entirely clear. Many individuals with asthma are atopic and have clearly defined allergen exposures that are partially or substantially responsible for their asthmatic inflammation. Epidemiological studies show a strong correlation between increasing IgE levels and the prevalence of asthma regardless of atopic status. No allergic individuals also can suffer from asthma, as is often seen in subjects in whom the onset of disease is later in life.

Although there are subtypes of asthma (allergic versus no allergic), there are features of airway inflammation common to all asthmatic airways. Airway inflammation is thought to be triggered by innate and/or adapted immune responses. Although there may be multiple “triggers” for an inflammatory response (such as mast cell secretion), there is general agreement that a lymphocyte-directed eosinophilic bronchitis is a hallmark of asthma. The lymphocytes that participate in asthma pathology are biased toward the T-helper type 2 (Th2) phenotype, leading to increases in production of interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13. The IL-4 from Th2 cells (and basophiles) provides help for IgE synthesis in B cells. The IL-5 provides support for eosinophil survival.

The innate or adapted immune response triggers the production of additional cytokines and chemokines, resulting in trafficking of blood-borne cells (i.e., eosinophils, basophiles, neutrophils, and lymphocytes) into airway tissues and these cells further generate a variety of autacoids and cytokines. The inflammatory cascade also leads to activation of resident cells within the airways that, in turn, can produce panoply of cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, and autacoids. The chronic inflammatory response, over time, leads to epithelial shedding and reorganization, mucous hyper secretion, and airway wall remodelling most often exemplified by sub epithelial fibrosis and smooth muscle hyperplasia. How these processes lead to attacks of asthma, which most often are induced or exacerbated by respiratory viral infections, remains unclear.

In addition to airway inflammation, asthmatics commonly exhibit bronchial hyper reactivity. Thus the concentration of a bronchial spasmogen, such as methacholine or histamine, needed to produce a 20% increase in airway resistance in asthmatics is often only 1% to 2% of the equally effective concentration in healthy control subjects. This bronchial hyper reactivity most often is nonspecific such that the airways are also inordinately reactive to stimuli such as strong odours, cold air, and pollutants. Little is known about specific mechanisms underlying this enigmatic hyper reactivity.

The pharmacotherapy of asthma centres on controlling the disease with drugs that inhibit airway inflammation. Other drugs that relax bronchial smooth muscle are used for more immediate and direct relief of the symptoms of asthma.Drugs used in the management of asthma include beta₂ agonists, antimuscarinic bronchodilators, theophylline, corticosteroids, cromoglicate and nedocromil, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. This is quite hard to incapsulate all of asthma treatment and precautions all together at one place. I’ll bring very next article of mine giving you some beneficial tips which can help you control this disease and more drug treatment.

By: Ammarah Khan

Have a Home Facial 11 Feb 2012 1:32 AM (13 years ago)

Whenever there is presence of female folk, the biggest expense is on beauty and related things. As per survey, beauty expenses are the biggest in female territory. Women like to spend a lot at beauty salons and still remain unsatisfied; this article of mine is aimed at bringing cheap methods of getting great freshness and the best results like one can get at some top class parlor. Do not forget one thing that what you apply to your face is not important but important is how you apply these things to your face.

Many women regret that they do not get desired results even spending a lot on their facials by acquiring expert’s services, let me reveal this to them that you are the best one to treat your skin, as much as you know about your face and its sensitivity, nobody does, so try to be your own beautician and bring wonder to your face. Undoubtedly, face facial is important in making your face polished; face facials are among the most expensive categories, now have your facial at home.

The best of this article is to bring the beauty tips and the tricks which you can apply at your home. This article will provide you the easy way to perform a beauty facial at home. For this you do not need any beautician or the expert giving his high cost services. You can be your own beautician. For performing this, you simply need to have the performance based on the below steps and strategy.

These are the things that you need to have for doing your facial.

• Cleansing milk or simple milk.
• Good massage cream or any Multivitamin cream
• A mud mask
• A face wash

First of all bring your body in very relaxing policy. Take out heavy breaths for getting good amount of air in. close your eyes for a while to feel free. Imagine that you have no worry and no tension at all; this will bring the best results to you.

Now sit on a relaxing chair with no itching neck at the back. Use some amount of the cleansing milk and smear it on the face gently. Use the tips of the fingers and rub it starting from the cheeks. Remember the directions of performing the facial as these are very important in producing the marvelous results. The massage should be using the finger tips using anti clock wise directions. Do not rub too harsh or too much as these can leave the rash or the red signs on your face. After having three rounds of the massage on your cheeks, perform the same on the forehead. Start massaging right from the middle and take it to the corner. Press a little bit at the end on both corners. This will bring a great relief to you.

Now come towards the nose. Nose plays very important and defining role in the sharpening your beauty and gives shape to your features if a good care is taken off. Rub the tip of your nose bit hard for softening the black heads which make your nose ugly. Rub the nose from the tips of your fingers and take the direction to upwards.

After getting free from the nose job, head to upper lips. Make a scissor of your fingers and rub it well on the upper lips in opposite direction. Chin and neck massage can be done together. Once you have done all that with the cleansing milk, apply multivitamin cream with the same steps. Make sure that cream seeps through the open pores. Once you complete your massage, give steam to your skin, this steam provides a way to dust to come out of your skin.

After massage, your skin pores are open and a good amount of steam helps to sweep all the dust present inside. It’s better if you use towel around your face and neck. Steam duration should be between 3-5 minutes. This time depends upon the sensitivity of your skin. If your skin is sensitive and gets rash, take it for 3 minutes and if you can bear it for five minutes, go for it.

After getting a satisfied steam; use mud mask or any other mask and apply it upon your face. On getting it dry; wash your face using a good face wash. Here! Your facial is complete.

By: Ammarah Khan

ALKOHOL, TAKE IT OR NOT 7 Feb 2012 6:35 AM (13 years ago)

Although the public often views alcoholic drinks as stimulating, ethanol primarily is a CNS depressant. Ingestion of moderate amounts of ethanol, like that of other depressants such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines, can have anti-anxiety actions and produce behavioural disinhibition at a wide range of dosages. Individual signs of intoxication vary from expansive and vivacious affect to uncontrolled mood swings and emotional outbursts that may have violent components. With more severe intoxication, CNS function generally is impaired, and a condition of general anaesthesia ultimately prevails. However, there is little margin between the aesthetic actions and lethal effects (usually owing to respiratory depression).

About 10% of alcohol drinkers progress to levels of consumption that are physically and socially detrimental. Chronic abuse is accompanied by tolerance, dependence, and craving for the drug. Alcoholism is characterized by compulsive use despite clearly deleterious social and medical consequences. Alcoholism is a progressive illness, and brain damage from chronic alcohol abuse contributes to the deficits in cognitive functioning and judgment seen in alcoholics. Alcoholism is a leading cause of dementia in the United States. Chronic alcohol abuse results in shrinkage of the brain owing to loss of both white and gray matter. The frontal lobes are particularly sensitive to damage by alcohol, and the extent of damage is determined by the amount and duration of alcohol consumption, with older alcoholics being more vulnerable than younger ones. It is important to note that ethanol itself is neurotoxic, and although malnutrition or vitamin deficiencies probably play roles in complications of alcoholism such as Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff’s psychosis, most of the alcohol-induced brain damage in Western countries is due to alcohol itself. In addition to loss of brain tissue, alcohol abuse also reduces brain metabolism (as determined by positron-emission tomography), and this hypometabolic state rebounds to a level of increased metabolism during detoxification. The magnitude of decrease in metabolic state is determined by the number of years of alcohol use and the age of the patients.

Alcohol has a number of pharmacological effects on cardiac conduction, including prolongation of the QT interval, prolongation of ventricular repolarization, and sympathetic stimulation. Atrial arrhythmias associated with chronic alcohol use include supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter. Some 15% to 20% of idiopathic cases of atrial fibrillation may be induced by chronic ethanol use. Ventricular tachycardia may be responsible for the increased risk of unexplained sudden death that has been observed in persons who are alcohol-dependent. During continued alcohol use, treatment of these arrhythmias may be more resistant to cardioversion, digoxin, or Ca²⁺ channel blocking agents. Patients with recurrent or refractory atrial arrhythmias should be questioned carefully about alcohol use.

Alcohol frequently is either the primary etiologic factor or one of multiple causal factors associated with oesophageal dysfunction. Ethanol also is associated with the development of oesophageal reflux, Barrett’s oesophagus, traumatic rupture of the oesophagus, Mallory-Weiss tears, and oesophageal cancer. When compared with non-alcoholic non-smokers, alcohol-dependent patients who smoke have a tenfold increased risk of developing cancer of the oesophagus. There is little change in oesophageal function at low blood alcohol concentrations, but at higher blood alcohol concentrations, a decrease in peristalsis and decreased lower oesophageal sphincter pressure occur. Patients with chronic reflux esophagitis may respond to proton pump inhibitors and abstinence from alcohol.

Heavy alcohol use can disrupt the gastric mucosal barrier and cause acute and chronic gastritis. Ethanol appears to stimulate gastric secretions by exciting sensory nerves in the buccal and gastric mucosa and promoting the release of gastrin and histamine. Beverages containing more than 40% alcohol also have a direct toxic effect on gastric mucosa. While these effects are seen most often in chronic heavy drinkers, they can occur after moderate and short-term alcohol use.
Alcohol is not thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease. Unlike acute and chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease is not more common in alcoholics. Nevertheless, alcohol exacerbates the clinical course and severity of ulcer symptoms. It appears to act synergistically with Helicobacter pylori to delay healing. Acute bleeding from the gastric mucosa, while uncommon, can be a life-threatening emergency. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is associated more commonly with oesophageal varices, traumatic rupture of the oesophagus, and clotting abnormalities.

Many alcoholics have chronic diarrheal as a result of malabsorption in the small intestine. The major symptom is frequent loose stools. The rectal fissures and pruritus ani that frequently are associated with heavy drinking probably are related to chronic diarrheal. The diarrheal is caused by structural and functional changes in the small intestine.

Ethanol produces a constellation of dose-related deleterious effects in the liver. The primary effects are fatty infiltration of the liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Because of its intrinsic toxicity, alcohol can injure the liver in the absence of dietary deficiencies .The accumulation of fat in the liver is an early event and can occur in normal individuals after the ingestion of relatively small amounts of ethanol. This accumulation results from inhibition of both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the oxidation of fat, in part, owing to the generation of excess NADH produced by the actions of ADH and ALDH.

Fibrosis, resulting from tissue necrosis and chronic inflammation, is the underlying cause of alcoholic cirrhosis. Normal liver tissue is replaced by fibrous tissue. Alcohol can affect stellate cells in the liver directly; chronic alcohol use is associated with transformation of stellate cells into collagen-producing, myofibroblast-like cells, resulting in deposition of collagen around terminal hepatic venules. The histological hallmark of alcoholic cirrhosis is the formation of Mallory bodies, which are thought to be related to an altered cytokeratin intermediate cytoskeleton.

Several strategies to treat alcoholic liver disease have been evaluated. Prednisolone may improve survival in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Nutrients such as S-adenosylmethionine and polyunsaturated lecithin have been found to have beneficial effects in nonhuman primates and are undergoing clinical trials. Other medications that have been tested include oxandrolone, propylthiouracil, and colchicine. At present, however, none of these drugs is approved for use in the United States for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease. The current primary treatment for liver failure is transplantation in conjunction with abstinence from ethanol. Long-term outcome studies suggest that patients who are alcohol-dependent have survival rates similar to those of patients with other types of liver disease. Alcoholics with hepatitis C may respond to interferon-2a.

By: Ammarah Khan

Medical Coding 7 Feb 2012 6:28 AM (13 years ago)

Coding Makes the Way Easier

Coding is a systematic way of identifying and maintaining things. In this system the alphabets and numeric are remembered instead of the detailed names. Each alphabet or a numeric represents a different object. It is very helpful for the people maintaining the records and preparing data sheets. For coding system it is very essential for consumer and producer that the code is well understood and known by the both parties. Medical coding is the system of keeping detailed descriptions, symptoms, and diagnosis and healthcare procedures into codes. These codes can be alphabets, mere numeric or the mixture of both.

In other words in medical field, the codes are the indicators of the complete record of the diagnosis and the procedures and tests to be performed for having this diagnosis. Coding in all health related clinics permits to have an access to the complete history of the patient suffering with a specific disease under that code. This code is very helpful in billing and all pharmacies throughout the world run on the bases of these codes. Suppose you are at a clinic, if you want to know about the history, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of any disease; you can simply put in the medical code in the search box and all the results will be displayed before you.

A person who has the education of medical coding and works in this field is known as medical coder. In the running decade, the medical coders are high in demand. As doctors and nurses are always needed, the demand of these coders never goes down. The reason is that these people help doctors and nurses and other medical staff to make money and stay in business. These are very helpful people in training new staff in medical field. For becoming a successful coder, you must be having sufficient practice and with no repetition of errors. The wrong code affects the reputation and the economy of the business. Different coded medicines have different prices, when a wrong code is entered in the billing data, the price of that code is included instead of the real medicine taken by the customer.

Medical coders can even start their own business and can earn a lot of money while sitting at home. In the recent years the trend of becoming a code specialist is going high assisting and helping all paramedical staff. The very term coding stands for the specific system of allotting codes to objects or things of the same kind. These codes may be not understandable for the public but the person dealing with the specific substance is well aware of these codes and identifies the objects through these codes. These codes may be the alphabets, numeric or even consisting of both. When maintaining a record; instead of the name or detail of the objects, these codes are written. The term medical coding stands for the transformation of description of diseases or injuries and healthcare procedures in numeric or alphanumeric designations in other words in codes.

Medical coding is universally accepted term and is understood in the world wide. The same code is the representative of a disease throughout the planet. It is like as you are present in any part of the world and are curious to know about any disease’s history and background. You simply need to know the code given in the medical terminology and by giving this code to any health care centre you will get all you want. This brings medical unification and makes the way easier for the people growing in the medical field. This coding is the classification of the medical substance the importance of which is not denied.

With the growing time, the medical demand for the medical coders has increased. The people are heading towards this field and adopting it as a profession. The training courses are available like other education programs. The complete training of a person for becoming a medical coder is completed after acquiring the whole knowledge of the training course. When this is done, the person is certified and can go to the professional field. As long as the medical field is progressing, the medical coders will be in high demand. They are quite assistance providing and even can perform as trainer when supervising a health care centre.

The medical coding is very beneficial and helpful for launching and measuring the medical steps in the town. These codes are used by the government and the health care centers and the insurance companies. These codes vary with the type of the diseases. After it is being recognized as a profession, no less importance is given to it by the government of the developed states. Special institutions are opened where exclusive training of the coding is given. The high ranked institutions educate the people through initial steps leading towards the complete and final knowledge.

By: Ammarah Khan

Drug Treatment and Emotional Therapy for Anxiety 1 Feb 2012 8:37 AM (13 years ago)

In my last article named “Anxiety”, I promised to bring the next one on the same disorder with some more drug usage and emotional therapies. It’s been found that along with drug treatment, the implementation of emotional therapy has brought fruitful results for Anxiety. Therefore, psychiatrists are consulted worldwide for seeking their counsels and suggestions. Keeping this in my mind, I have tried to highlight both ways treatment in this article of mine. The first half of this article talks about effective drugs, which have been used by physicians over a decade while in the last half some useful therapies are being discussed.

In the past, other classes of CNS-active drugs were used for daytime sedation and to treat anxiety. Such drugs included the propanediol carbamates (notably meprobamate), and the barbiturates (see. Their use for anxiety is now obsolete due primarily to their tendency to cause unwanted degrees of sedation or frank intoxication at doses required to alleviate anxiety. Meprobamate and the barbiturates also can induce tolerance, physical dependence, severe withdrawal reactions, and life-threatening toxicity with over dosage.

The antihistamine hydroxyzine is an effective antianxiety agent, but only at doses (about 400 mg per day) that produce marked sedation. Propranolol and metoprolol, lipophilic  adrenergic receptor antagonists that enter the CNS, can reduce the autonomic symptoms (nervousness and muscle tremor) associated with specific situational or social phobias, but do not appear to be effective in generalized anxiety or panic disorder. Similarly, other antiadrenergic agents, including clonidine, may modify autonomic expression of anxiety, but have not been demonstrated convincingly to be clinically useful in the treatment of severe anxiety disorders.

Another class of agents with beneficial effects in disorders marked by anxiety or dysphoria of moderate intensity are the azapirones (azaspirodecanediones), currently represented clinically by buspirone (BUSPAR). The azapirones have limited antidopaminergic actions in vivo and do not induce clinical extrapyramidal side effects. Also, they do not interact with binding sites for benzodiazepines or facilitate the action of GABA. They are not anticonvulsant (and may even lower seizure threshold slightly), do not appear to cause tolerance or withdrawal reactions, and do not show cross-tolerance with benzodiazepines or other sedatives. Buspirone and several experimental congeners (e.g., gepirone, ipsapirone, and tiospirone) have selective affinity for serotonin receptors of the 5-HT_1A type, for which they appear to be partial agonists.

Buspirone has beneficial actions in anxious patients, particularly those with generalized anxiety of mild or moderate severity. Unlike potent benzodiazepines and antidepressants, buspirone lacks beneficial actions in severe anxiety with panic attacks. It is not efficacious as a monotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder, although it may have useful anti-obsessional activity when added to SSRIs (which are efficacious as monotherapy). A lack of cross-tolerance is consistent with a lack of clinical protection against withdrawal-emergent anxiety when changing abruptly from treatment with a benzodiazepine to buspirone; a gradual transition between these classes of antianxiety agents is more likely to be tolerated. Of note, the risk of suicide with buspirone is very low.

The major limitation to developing new antidepressant and antianxiety drugs is a fundamental lack of a coherent pathophysiology and etiology for depression and common anxiety disorders.

Nevertheless, a number of novel products aimed at the treatment of depression or anxiety disorders are in development .These include other inhibitors of neuronal transport of one or more monoamines, including norepinephrine or dopamine, as well as serotonin (e.g., milnacipran); serotonin agonists (e.g., sunepitron,), largely for anxiety; serotonin antagonists (e.g., deramciclane, ), mainly for depression; agents with partial-agonist effects at dopamine and serotonin receptors, much like some atypical antipsychotics ; inhibitors of MAO-A (moclobemide, selegiline); inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 ; glutamate -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor modulators (ampakines); glutamate metabotropic receptor agonists for anxiety ; GABA_A receptor agonists for anxiety (e.g., ocinaplon, pagoclone); inhibitors of neurokinin-1 (substance-P) receptors ; ligands for cerebral sigma-2 sites ; corticotropin receptor antagonists  and the metabolic methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine.

As discussed earlier, along with these drugs some emotional treatment is necessary. If you ever find yourself a patient of anxiety or feel some emotional disturbance, you must change your daily routine and try to add something new which is interesting and attention consuming for you. It helps to divert your attention from the focused issue. Something enjoyable that you may like to do for in leisure can benefit you a lot.

In the same way, if you have a family consisting of few members, start spending some time with them as it will help you come to normal emotional level. Including some picnic programs with your buddies around or hang out with your colleagues for a dinner or lunch will bring good effect on your emotional disturbance. You can try it once in a week if you are too busy to take out time for yourself.

Try to add some sort of daily physical exercise in your schedule. You can add daily running, jogging, long walk or yoga, choose any with which you are the most comfortable. It does wonders if you continue doing it on regular bases. It keeps your spirits fresh and brings you closer to nature. A company to nature can give you the best way to maintain an emotional harmony. Apart from a fresh air outing can lead to bring good results. For a moment, it makes you forget everything and freshen your senses. This is what psychiatrists suggest to every second patient of anxiety.

By:  Ammarah Khan

ANXIETY 27 Jan 2012 12:13 AM (13 years ago)

Anxiety is a cardinal symptom of many psychiatric disorders and an almost inevitable component of many medical and surgical conditions. Indeed, it is a universal human emotion, closely allied with appropriate fear and presumably serving psychobiologically adaptive purposes. A most important clinical generalization is that anxiety is rather infrequently a “disease” in itself. Anxiety that is typically associated with the former “psychoneurotic” disorders is not readily explained in biological or psychological terms; contemporary hypotheses implicate over activity of adrenergic systems or dysregulation of serotonergic systems in the CNS .In addition, symptoms of anxiety commonly are associated with depression and especially with dysthymic disorder (chronic depression of moderate severity), panic disorder, agoraphobia and other specific phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, and many personality disorders .Sometimes, despite a thoughtful evaluation of a patient, no treatable primary illness is found, or if one is found and treated, it may be desirable to deal directly with the anxiety at the same time. In such situations antianxiety medications are frequently and appropriately used.

Currently, the benzodiazepines and the SSRIs are the most commonly employed medicinal treatments for the common clinical anxiety disorders. Some high-potency benzodiazepines (alprazolam, clonazepam, and lorazepam) are effective in severe anxiety with strong autonomic over activity (panic disorder), as are several antidepressants, as discussed above. For generalized or nonspecific anxiety, the benzodiazepine selected seems to make little difference. In the elderly or in patients with impaired hepatic function, oxazepam in small, divided doses sometimes is favoured due to its brief action and direct conjugation and elimination. The latter property is shared by lorazepam, but not by alprazolam. Benzodiazepines sometimes are given to patients presenting with anxiety mixed with symptoms of depression, although the efficacy of these agents in altering the core features of severe major depression has not been demonstrated.

The most favourable responses to the benzodiazepines are obtained in situations that involve relatively acute anxiety reactions in medical or psychiatric patients who have either modifiable primary illnesses or primary anxiety disorders. However, this group of anxious patients also has a high response rate to placebo and is likely to undergo spontaneous improvement. Antianxiety drugs also are used in the management of more persistent or recurrent primary anxiety disorders; guidelines for their appropriate long-term use for such disorders are less clear.

Although there has been concern about the potential for habituation and abuse of benzodiazepines, some studies suggest that physicians tend to be conservative and may even undertreat patients with anxiety. They may either withhold drug unless symptoms or dysfunction are severe, or cease treatment within a few weeks, with a high proportion of relapses. Patients with personality disorders or a past history of abuse of sedatives or alcohol may be particularly at risk of dose escalation and dependence on benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines carry some risk of impairing cognition and skilled motor functions, particularly in the elderly, in whom they are a common cause of confusion, delirium (sometimes mistaken for primary dementia), and falls with fractures. Risk of fatality on acute overdose of benzodiazepines is limited in the absence of other cerebrotoxins, including alcohol.

A particularly controversial aspect of the use of benzodiazepines, especially those of high potency, is in long-term management of patients with sustained or recurring symptoms of anxiety. Clinical benefit has been found for at least several months in such cases, but it is unclear to what extent the long-term benefits can be distinguished from nonspecific (“placebo”) effects following development of tolerance on the one hand, or prevention of related withdrawal-emergent anxiety on the other.

It is hard to bring all possible treatments and effective drugs use in a single page, so I promise to bring in light other effective drugs used in anxiety treatment with some emotional therapies.

By: Ammarah Khan

Michelle Money 26 Jan 2012 9:38 AM (13 years ago)

Michelle Money is a contestant on The Bachelor. She is emerging as a favorite to win the affection of Brad Womack. She’s got some tough competition, but Michelle knows how to use her sexuality and borderline OCD to get her way.

Michelle Money, a 30-year-old hair stylist from Salt Lake City, Utah, has quickly brought the crazy to the ‘Bachelor’ house this season. She recently woke up with a mysterious black eye and threatened to replicate her injury on Bachelor Brad if he didn’t grant her a one-on-one date. (He did, and it went well.)

Now Michelle has revealed to Life & Style that she once had an affair with NBA star Carlos Boozer, before he split from his wife.

Michelle has a few acting credits, including a role in 2008 TV death row drama, on her imdb page.

Life & Style’s press release follows:

Life & Style can exclusively reveal that Bachelor contestant Michelle Money had an affair with NBA star Carlos Boozer – while he was married. Opening up about the scandal for the first time, Michelle tells Life & Style, “Yes, I was in a relationship with Carlos while he was still married. What I did was wrong.”

Michelle, actress and single mother to 5-year-old daughter Brielle, has quickly established herself as one of the most controversial contestant’s the show has ever seen. In her quest to win Brad Womack’s heart, her aggressive antics – like storming off the set and forcibly dragging Brad away from other women – have angered and upset many of her fellow housemates. But off-camera, her personal life is even more shocking.

When Michelle first met Carlos, she was a recent divorcee living in Salt Lake City, and he was a star forward on the Utah Jazz. Michelle implies that Carlos led her to believe he had separated – though he didn’t file for divorce until March 2009, while he and Michelle were involved. Michelle tells Life & Style she regrets any part she played in Carlos’ split from wife Cece. “I should never have been so naive to assume what I was told was true,” Michelle says now. “I’m not trying to shy away from the fact that he was still married. I don’t put that on Carlos. I don’t put that on anyone but myself. I feel terrible for Cece for that pain she’s had to go through and that I am a part of it.”

Despite Carlos’ split with his wife, he and Michelle ended things in June 2009. “All I can do,” Michelle says, “is try to do better with my life. I screwed up. But I can only try to do the best I can.”

Brad Womack came to the defense Michelle Money following this week’s episode of The Bachelor, calling the season’s resident psycho a “remarkable woman.” Apparently Carlos Boozer shares that opinion of her. Money, who has a 5-year-old daughter named Brielle, feels “terrible for CeCe for that pain she’s had to go through and that I am a part of it.”
By: Ammarah Khan

SEO Reseller; Enjoy Affiliate Earning 25 Jan 2012 1:58 AM (13 years ago)

SEO Reseller is the program of online money earning where you just need to refer a site, company or the organization towards SEO you feel good about. This brings you to earn money through easy way. You simple have to complete your pre-work before you refer any site to SEO services. Here your task is like an affiliate where you advertise, or resell the products of merchant. This gives you an opportunity to increase your business by reselling SEO Services.

By reselling SEO services, you invite a website to create ease and fluidity in offering online marketing services to your client. Every website or the company often demands you to bring enough traffic to them to make the business successful. If you’re a successful SEO reseller; you will get opportunity to optimize the business not only of your clients but also of yours. Thus in this way it is very essential for a SEO reseller to find a good and profitable SEO reselling program.

For being a successful SEO reseller, you simply need take care of certain things the most important of which is that your clients are never in contact to the site you are reselling your SEO services. Second thing is that if you do not have a good flow of traffic; seek a company who has in house team to build more traffic. You must also find out if you have time to execute price on each price your client may need with an in house team, if the answer in negative; seek out some such a purchaser who takes the whole responsibility on him making you free from everything involved in online marketing. A good SEO reseller must service all the needs of online marketing to a client without bothering the performance of the work and production of the results.

SEO reseller programs are present on many websites which invite you become a SEO reseller for them. you must go in search for those who do not require a volume agreement, do not cost any fee for offering their account to you, who understand the fact that your name is attached to your clients and give a high value to it, who guarantee full results with world class SEO campaigns and understand the value and needs of your clients. Above are the few features and things which can help you becoming a successful SEO reseller.

If you are worried for getting your clients away from your place for your poor services, you may have an easy solution which surely does not require any extra effort. You may be in trouble of this loss because you are unable to provide and manage what your client needs. Outsource SEO is one of the ways you can earn without losing your clients and making. You simply do not need to work any harder for getting outsources SEO services. Outsource SEO services mostly welcome SEO reseller and bring mutual benefits to them and to you simultaneously.

Outsource SEO services help you to expand your clients without upsetting your deadlines which may bring an unpleasant phase of professional relationship between you and your clients. Many outsource SEO companies may charge as high as sky. Affording the cost of outsource SEO is one of the major problems that mostly SEO companies face. You are right when you desire to look for an outsource SEO who can help you in expanding your business without making you pay foot bigger bills. This is what everyone wants and to meet this with dignity must be the objective of every outsource SEO company.

Many of SEO companies are now turning towards outsource SEO for expanding their business and making their clients ever more satisfied. For being a successful SEO reseller, you simply need take care of certain things the most important of which is that your clients are never in contact to the outsource SEO services. Second thing is that if you do not have a good flow of traffic; seek a company who has in house team to build more traffic. You must also find out if you have time to execute price on each price your client may need with an in house team, if the answer in negative; seek out some such a purchaser who takes the whole responsibility on him making you free from everything involved in online marketing. A good SEO reseller must service all the needs of online marketing to a client without bothering the performance of the work and production of the results.

Outsource SEO services provide online management of many things instant and make you feel free and relief for getting benefitted. Though outsource SEO are now provided by many new comers but you must not take risk and choose only those outsource SEO companies who have a reputed name in the market.

By: Ammarah Khan

Introduction to Semantic Web 23 Jan 2012 8:35 AM (13 years ago)

Web 3.0 or Semantic Web

Web 3.0 is a next big thing after web 2.0, still lies in speculation. Believers claim it to be the future of technology and internet village. They expect it to bring more revolutionary changes than web 2.0 brought. The transition of web 2.0 from web 1.0 was not simple both in function and time frame. It almost took ten years time for web2.0 to be launched after web 1.0. For knowing what marvels Web 3.0 will perform, one needs to know the latest features of web 2.0 as it is only then possible to anticipate a step ahead.

Web 2.0 offered search in advanced way, with the use of keywords. It presents a model of web by managing information in a more systematic way and bringing them in connected links. It provides liberty of authoring in a vast connection as its content and information is updated by number of authors. It gives privilege to users and authors to edit, undo, redo and enter each others’ posts and reviews. It makes search advanced by adding tags without interfering with the collection of pre made tag categories. Further it extends search by allotting extensions and descriptions. It uses syndication technology.

Now coming back to the actual boom i.e. Web 3.0, it is thought to take all these features in revolutionary advanced ways. It will improve the network in the way as it will contain features of web2.0 and will contribute further in its ever expanding lexicon and library of applications. There is lot of expectations associated with the arrival of Web 3.0. It is believed that it will be more application based, geographical and location based environment stimulation and will help in non browsing software of non computer devices. So, it is said that Web 3.0 works where computer generates information rather than humans. It will primarily focus on the usability of search engines.

It is also considered a synonym of semantic web. Semantic web helps machines to read the date on World Wide Web. Its main purpose is to provide liberty to users to combine, share and upload information with more ease. It will help machines to interpret the meaning and read the extensions thus, enabling them to perform tasks rather than human beings. It will consist of a web development layer that includes T.V quality open video, 3D simulations, human constructed semantic standards and sensors.  Some happily live in the euphoria that Web 3.0 will let the user to sit back and internet to do work for one. Keywords will be searched based on your culture, region, language and jargon.

No doubt, if having all the applications and features, Web 3.0 will bring a high boom in the internet world and will lead the users instead of being led by them. It will another marvel of technology, the next of which may not be possible for many decades yet it is also to be understood that the speculation of Web 3.0 still has to be in reality. If looking at time frame, it may be year 2015 for Web 3.

The word semantic stands for “meaning” or related to meaning. Semantic web is a “web of data”. Its basic function is to make machines enable to understand the meaning or information on World Wide Web. The term is more specifically used in reference to the formats and technologies which enable it. The web works more technically as it inserts machine readable date in the human readable links. By doing this, it provides an opportunity to the research agent that he can access these pages of hyperlinks automatically. Resource Description Format, W3C, RDF Schema and Web Ontology Language are few of the technologies which provide a disciplined format for the semantic web.

Hypertext Markup Language generally abbreviated as HTML is capable of presenting human readable data that can simply be divided in documents and data. This is a loose division that is usually understood on a common computer. HTML has few limitations in contrast to Semantic Web. It is unable to present machine readable data which is totally left on browsing in combination of search engines. HTML decodes the words with the limited explanation while Semantic Web can take the solutions a step ahead as; it is capable of describing arbitrary things like people, planets and places. Here different technologies work together to replace the content meaning on World Web.

Machine readable data enables content manager to decode the structure and description of content. In this way a machine is able to help computers in automated ways. It uses the same process as human analysis like inference and deductive meaning. The need of Semantic Web is based on assumption that it is possible for machines to go a step ahead than mere performing the ordered word relationships.

The idea of evolving a simple web to a Semantic Web was first presented in 2001 which was instantly received with equal enthusiasm and the idea worked quickly. It immediately replaced the old and systematic HTML, though still facing the severe questions arisen by the world critiques. Although the idea and the underlying format of Semantic Web is neither fully understood nor well explored yet it has brought crystal revolution in between 2001-2007 in the world of web. Some suppose Semantic Web to be an extension of Web 3.0. Yet it is all based on whom you speak to. It is assumed that Web 3 will be a combination of properties of Web 2 with its own ever expanding format of lexicon and applications.

Semantic web has unbeaten social potential in contrast to HTML. Many have already started using it in the field of Health and business for social networking. It can also be implemented in a democratic state where government can use it to control all online information and feedback on certain social issues.

Instead; it is being implemented in various disciples of life yet it has to face certain challenges. One of the biggest issues, it faces is that of vagueness and ambiguity with uncertainty. It all has to be dealt by automated reasoning system.

By: Ammarah Khan

Do domain name extensions affect your rank? 23 Jan 2012 2:03 AM (13 years ago)

Availability of Domain Names

You may be surprised by having a thought what a domain name is? Let me introduce this term to you, domain name is a name that identifies an administrative body, control or authority on internet. These names are not random yet there are certain rules and defined system by which these names are opted. The system followed for having a domain name is known as Domain Name System or DNS. There is a root domain which is always nameless. These domain names are generated as subordinated clauses of the root domain.

There is a set hierarchy for the domain naming system. There are about three levels identifying different domain names. The directly generated names from root domain are the Top Level Domain Names. These are followed by second level names which are further followed by a third level.

Domain names can be used in both ways i.e. by individual host computers or by combined ownership. Individual host computers use domain names as leaf labels identification. These domain names serve as hostnames defining an authority or a web. Registration of a domain name does not get any legal ownership, yet they have an exclusive right of use of the name. The domain names are usually known as domains and domain registrants are called as domain owners.

Domain Name System was first created in 1980 where it was simply divided in two groups; a top level domain and the other associated one. At present the domain name space is defined by Domain Tree comprised by DNS, which starts from root domain and is divided in multiple nodes, these nodes are subdivided in zones and provide associated information.

Registration of domain names is quite an easy process yet before that one has to check the availability of the names. The popularity and the availability of these names are somehow dependant on the regional location you are present in. For example if you want to have your domain by ending in com or org. you will enter your chosen phrase or domain name in the search box, choose the desired top domain and check availability. Now if you want to have an extension with the top domain, for example; you want your domain ending in com.uk or org.pk or with some different, here you are using extensions as UK and pk. You must be provided with the boxes of extensions along with domains, what you have to is quite simple. Tick the box of your desired extension and now write the complete domain in search box. Your search engine will generate the results about availability of your chosen domain.

Along with the choosing of the domain generic, you also need to specify your pacific region. Then the search box will come up with all the available options of domain for your web. The domain names are case insensitive and you have liberty of writing the case letters. There are number of companies offering low-cost or totally free of cost domain name registration.

Do domain name extensions affect your rank?

Undoubtedly, domain names play vital role in the ranking. The most memorable name will improve your ranking. How? Here is the answer. More often the name is remembered, more times it is mentioned when having a conversation with alike folks hence; more searchers will turn to your website and your ranking will be affected in a positive way. Again if it is being memorable, audience will come back and visit it when needed for their required search. So, it all seems very logical and applicable solution for getting better ranking. Many buyers do not feel the importance of this and they have to regret later on. They simply think getting a domain name is an issue but what to get doesn’t matter.

The 1^st important thing that can affect your ranking even after choosing a right domain name is the extension, you are using with it. Sometimes, you will be surprised sites and engines having highly appropriate domains still remain unable to be in the top of ranking. What is the solution? Some totally refuse to admit this fact and think that it is only a game of keywords that improve the ranking of your site, nothing else. Agreed, the importance of highly matched keywords cannot be falsified. It is openly admitted that keywords in any domain upgrade its ranking. But what if a pre visitor wants to come back directly to your site instead of taking route of a search engine? He may use a wrong extension while considering it the right one and get somewhere else. For example he is a residential of Asia Pacific region, while surfing he comes across your site which is open for all locations, to save himself for hassle, he memorizes the domain. Next time he enters your site as travelallaround.com.pk, while your site has an extension of travelallaround.com.uk. Yes, there is only one condition if you get benefited by buying further extensions for having the most visibility, then you can counter this problem.

The second thing is that in the coming years, web 3.0 is supposed to work more on location based information. Anybody entering the keywords of his city or state will be directed to you if your extension of the domain highlights that.

There are SEO specialists confirming and admitting that .com is the best extension if used for any business. It is often used extension and it is also seen that the sites having the best rank do have .com as extension. It does not mean that you cannot be successful with other extension names, you can but there you need to be specified. For example if you are using .org extension, it means you are running an organization and if you are using .info, it shows that your site is really big and offer plethora of variety for searchers searching with multiple keywords. The best suggested extension is .com yet some sites having .net are sometimes ranked better than .com which is probably for their content.

By: Ammarah Khan

Depression 21 Jan 2012 1:43 AM (13 years ago)

Introduction

The primary clinical manifestations of major depression are significant depression of mood and impairment of function. Some features of depressive disorders overlap those of the anxiety disorders, including panic-agoraphobia syndrome, severe phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Extremes of mood also may be associated with psychosis, as manifested by disordered or delusional thinking and perceptions that often are congruent with the predominant mood. Conversely, secondary changes in mood may be associated with psychotic disorders. This overlap of disorders can lead to errors in diagnosis and suboptimal treatment. Mood and anxiety disorders are the most common mental illnesses, each affecting up to 10% of the general population at some time in their lives.

Clinical depression must be distinguished from normal grief, sadness, disappointment, and the dysphoria or demoralization often associated with medical illness. The condition is underdiagnosed and frequently undertreated .Major depression is characterized by feelings of intense sadness and despair, mental slowing and loss of concentration, pessimistic worry, lack of pleasure, self-deprecation, and variable agitation or hostility. Physical changes also occur, particularly in severe, vital, or “melancholic” depression. These include insomnia or hypersomnia; altered eating patterns, with anorexia and weight loss or sometimes overeating; decreased energy and libido; and disruption of the normal circadian and ultradian rhythms of activity, body temperature, and many endocrine functions. Almost 10% to 15% of individuals with severe clinical depression, and up to 25% of those with bipolar disorder display suicidal behaviour at some time. Depressed patients usually respond to antidepressant drugs, or, in severe or treatment-resistant cases, to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This method remains the most rapid and effective treatment for severe acute depression and sometimes is life-saving for acutely suicidal patients. Efficacy of other forms of biological treatment of depression (e.g., magnetic stimulation of the brain, or electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve) has not been well established. The decision to treat with an antidepressant is guided by the presenting clinical syndrome, its severity, and by the patient’s personal and family history.

The major disorders of mood or affect include the syndromes of major depression (formerly termed melancholia) and bipolar disorder (formerly termed manic-depressive disorder). The lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder is 1% to 2% for type I (with mania). It is about twice that rate if cases of recurrent depression with milder upswings of mood (hypomania) are included (type II bipolar disorder). Lifetime risk for major depression is considerably higher, at 5% to 10%, and approximately twice the risk in women than in men. These disorders commonly include disordered autonomic functioning (e.g., altered rhythms of activity, sleep, and appetite) and behaviour, as well as persistent abnormalities of mood. These disorders are associated with increased risk of self-harm or suicide as well as increased mortality from stress-sensitive general medical conditions, medical complications of comorbid abuse of alcohol or illicit drugs, or from accidents. Bipolar disorder is marked by a high likelihood of recurrences of severe depression and manic excitement, often with psychotic features.

The less pervasive psychiatric disorders include conditions formerly termed psychoneuroses, which currently are viewed as anxiety-associated disorders. The ability to comprehend reality is retained, but suffering and disability sometimes are severe. Anxiety disorders may be acute and transient, or more commonly, recurrent or persistent. Their symptoms may include mood changes (fear, panic, or dysphoria) or limited abnormalities of thought (obsessions, irrational fears, or phobias) or of behaviour (avoidance, rituals or compulsions, pseudoneurological or “hysterical” conversion signs, or fixation on imagined or exaggerated physical symptoms). In such disorders drugs can have beneficial effects, particularly by modifying associated anxiety and depression to facilitate a more comprehensive program of treatment and rehabilitation. Antidepressants and sedative-antianxiety agents are commonly used to treat anxiety disorder.

Antidepressants:

Most antidepressants exert important actions on the metabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters and their receptors, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin.

History; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor: In 1951 isoniazid and its isopropyl derivative, iproniazid, were developed for the treatment of tuberculosis. Iproniazid, a hydrazine derivative, was observed to have mood-elevating effects in patients with tuberculosis, but owing to hepatotoxicity was abandoned for this use. In 1952 Zeller and co-workers found that iproniazid, in contrast to isoniazid, inhibited monoamine oxidase (MAO). Following investigations by Kline and by Crane in the mid-1950s, iproniazid (MARSILID) was used to treat depressed patients; historically, it was the first antidepressant to be used clinically .Two other hydrazine-derivative inhibitors of MAO, phenelzine (the structural analogy of phenethylamine, an endogenous amine) and isocarboxazid, subsequently were introduced into clinical practice. Tranylcypromine, structurally related to amphetamine, was the first MAO inhibitor unrelated to hydrazine to be discovered and brought to the market. The development of reversible, selective MAO inhibitors with potentially broad applications (e.g., selegiline [eldepryl] for Parkinson’s disease) was stimulated by the understanding that the early MAO inhibitors result in irreversible and nonselective blockade of both MAO-A and MAO-B, which were responsible for the metabolic breakdown of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in neuronal tissues. Three other MAO inhibitors that are used for purposes unrelated to MAO inhibition are furazolidone (FUROXONE, an anti-infective); procarbazine (MATULANE; N-methylhydrazine, indicated for the treatment of Hodgkin’s disease); and linezolid (ZYVOX, an antibiotic used for serious infections).

Tricyclic Antidepressants and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Hafliger and Schindler in the late 1940s synthesized a series of more than 40 iminodibenzyl derivatives for possible use as antihistamines, sedatives, analgesics, and ant Parkinsonism drugs. One of these was imipramine, a dibenzazepine compound, which differs from the phenothiazines by replacement of the sulphur with an ethylene bridge to produce a seven-membered central ring analogous to the benzazepine antipsychotic agents. Following screening in animals, a few compounds, including imipramine, were selected for therapeutic trial on the basis of sedative or hypnotic properties. During clinical investigation of these putative phenothiazine analogues, fortuitously found that unlike the phenothiazines, imipramine was relatively ineffective in quieting agitated psychotic patients, but it had a remarkable effect on depressed patients. Since then, indisputable evidence of its effectiveness in major depression has accumulated.

Older tricyclic antidepressants with a tertiary-amine side chain (including amitriptyline, doxepin, and imipramine) block neuronal uptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, whereas clomipramine is relatively selective against serotonin. Following this lead, even more selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were developed in the early 1970s, arising from observations by Carlsson that antihistamines, including chlorpheniramine and diphenhydramine inhibited the transport of serotonin or norepinephrine. Chemical modifications led to the earliest selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, zimelidine, soon followed by development of fluoxetine and fluvoxamine; although first to market, zimelidine was withdrawn due to an association with febrile illness and Guillain-Barre ascending paralysis. Thus, fluoxetine and fluvoxamine were the first widely used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (often abbreviated as SSRIs or SRIs). Development of these agents was paralleled by the identification of compounds with selectivity for norepinephrine reuptake, along with others effective against both serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake  again with potential for applications beyond depression and/or anxiety (e.g., atomoxetine).

By: Ammarah Khan