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Therapeutic window (Introduction) (Human Drug Metabolism) 11 Aug 2012 | 12:31 am
Introduction It has been said that if a drug has no side effects, then it is unlikely to work. Drug therapy labours under the fundamental problem that usually every single cell in the body has to be t...
Consequences of drug concentration changes (Introduction) (Human Drug Metabolism) 11 Aug 2012 | 12:31 am
If there are large changes in the rate of removal of a drug, then this can lead in extremis to severe problems in the outcome of the patient’s treatment: the first is drug failure, whilst the second i...
Clearance (Introduction) (Human Drug Metabolism) 11 Aug 2012 | 12:31 am
Definitions The consequences for the patient when drug concentrations either fall below the therapeutic window or exceed it can be life threatening. The rate of removal of the drug from the body deter...
Hepatic extraction and intrinsic clearance (Introduction) (Human Drug Metabolism) 11 Aug 2012 | 12:30 am
High extraction drugs Hepatic extraction is a useful term to measure how easily the liver can process, or metabolize, a given drug or toxin. The term ‘hepatic extraction’ effectively means the differe...
First pass and plasma drug levels (Introduction) (Human Drug Metabolism) 11 Aug 2012 | 12:29 am
Clearance is the removal of drug from all tissues and usually the liver is seen as the major force in the clearance of drugs. However, this is an oversimplification, as other tissues can clear drugs a...
Biotransforming enzymes (Drug Biotransformational Systems – Origins and Aims) (Human Drug Metabolism) 11 Aug 2012 | 12:28 am
John Lennon once said ‘Before Elvis, there was nothing’. Biologically, this could be paraphrased along the lines of ‘Before bacteria, there was nothing’. Bacterial life has existed on this planet for ...
Threat of lipophilic hydrocarbons (Drug Biotransformational Systems – Origins and Aims (Human Drug Metabolism) 11 Aug 2012 | 12:28 am
Organisms such as oysters that cannot rid themselves of lipophilic aromatic and nonaromatic hydrocarbons tend to accumulate these chemicals to toxic levels. Mudskippers, however, are less vulnerable t...
Cell communication (Drug Biotransformational Systems – Origins and Aims) (Human Drug Metabolism) 11 Aug 2012 | 12:27 am
Signal molecule design At some point in evolution, single-cell life forms began to coalesce into multi-cell organizations, allowing advantages in influencing and controlling the cells’ immediate envir...
Potential food toxins (Drug Biotransformational Systems – Origins and Aims) (Human Drug Metabolism) 11 Aug 2012 | 12:26 am
As living organisms developed in complexity and their diets expanded to include many types of plants and animals, it was clearly necessary to evolve a system that would protect an organism from food t...
Drug and xenobiotic metabolism (Introduction) (Human Drug Metabolism) 10 Aug 2012 | 09:28 pm
From the therapeutic point of view, it is essential to ensure that drug concentrations remain within the therapeutic window and neither drug failure, nor drug toxicity, occur in the patient. To unders...
